tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1291357990150589282024-03-13T07:17:47.100-07:00Essay scholarships for collegeernestfuller197http://www.blogger.com/profile/01905942311381912065noreply@blogger.comBlogger72125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-129135799015058928.post-27837542548939641712020-08-24T00:43:00.001-07:002020-08-24T00:43:02.650-07:00Virtue Ethics, Care Ethics and Natural Law Theories Essay Example ernestfuller197http://www.blogger.com/profile/01905942311381912065noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-129135799015058928.post-9966905192833207862020-08-22T00:09:00.001-07:002020-08-22T00:09:23.263-07:00The Bargaining Power Of Supplier And Generic Strategy Business EssayThe Bargaining Power Of Supplier And Generic Strategy Business Essay Nonexclusive methodology is the structure that clarifies in upper hand. As indicated by Porter (Campbell, 2002), the conventional methodology was demanded that there are three primary alternatives which are the best fit to the opposition between firms that are separation, cost initiative and core interest. Previously, the most buyers of PC market may know just Windows OS (working framework). In this way so as to contend with huge firm like Microsoft and the other, the separation system has been picked by Steve Jobs. Accordingly, Macintosh, iPod and iPhone had been distributed and Apple can be accomplished in quite a while later. Watchmen five powers examination The haggling intensity of provider Additional haggling intensity of provider can decide less productivity in any organizations (Smit, 2006). Then again, it can allude to the advantage of the purchaser who may improve quality items. Apple Company has distributed the provider obligation report which clarifies the detail of Apples provider standard (Apple, 2010). What's more, as can be seen from this report, Apple has attempted to improve the productivity of their provider so as to meet their desire and may lessen the haggling intensity of their provider. There is no uncertainty that Apple Company is still quickly developing (Apple, 2010a), along these lines the organization despite everything searching for new providers. In addition, Apple has built up a biological system to get the most ideal worth and advantage to their clients and partners. To diminish the bartering intensity of Apples providers, the organization permits new providers to enlist online on the companys site (Apple, 2010). Besides, because of Apple is the pioneer innovation organization which has huge interest of crude material. Along these lines, there are an a lot of providers which have been enrolled so as to be the Apples providers. At that point, when there are increasingly serious among huge number of providers, the dealing intensity of them will be diminished. The haggling intensity of purchaser So as to accomplish in most of business sectors, an organization should meet the desires for their clients which originate from age, salary, instructive level, or even character (Gilligan Wilson, 2003). Purchasers appear to be more costs touchy if the items are not separated on the grounds that they can option in contrast to another retailer (Smit, 2006). Notwithstanding, Apple Companys situating more spotlights on less value touchy clients which assume to buy premium item. Thusly, brand picture of Apple had been made so as to contain the sovereignty of their client and attempt to keep up their exceptional position. Moreover, the result of Apple has been made base on separated and their client prerequisite which can't discover from different brands. (from address in the class) Moreover, because of Apples items are separated structure different brands and the steadfastness of Apple brand is very significant level, the dealing intensity of purchasers are hence very low. Danger of new passageway An entering of new organizations to the business may reason for diminishing the piece of the pie of the organization (Hill Jones, 2009). Notwithstanding, Kurtz et al (2007) express that separation of item and brand just as having a solid showcasing technique like upper hand may assist the organization with maintaining the piece of the overall industry and produce benefit. As indicated by Apple (2010b), the working arrangement of Mac has been intended to unfit to contaminate any PC infections or any malware while Windows which is the working arrangement of Microsoft brand can be tainted by assortments of PC infections. Furthermore, Graphical User Interface (GUI) of Apples applications is likewise unique in relation to different brands. Besides, as can be seen Apple is separated from the other brand which cause them to have a solid situation in the market. Be that as it may, their rivals of MP3, telephone, OS, Laptop PC, and different items (Sony, Nokia, Microsoft, Dell, etc) have attempted to contend with Apple and they attempt to develop themselves just as Apple Company. Thusly, the danger of new passage in Apple Companys level is low to medium and may increment later on. , Danger of substitute item The items can be subbed by a similar need of purchasers (Campbell et al, 2002). For example, if purchasers need to purchase a PC, there are numerous decision of PC which has comparable execution and the equivalent Operating System. Accordingly they can pick the brand they don't need anything, so unique. In any case, Campbell (2002) demanded that the danger of substitute may have 2 elements which are the cost and execution of the substitute and eagerness of purchasers to change to the substitute. First the cost and execution of the substitute, According to the element of iPhone4 which is the most punctual result of Apple, it consolidated along with advanced mobile phone which including FaceTime work, excellent camera and video recording, MP3, guide and considerably more highlights. As an outcome, it is hard for different firms to substitute this organization. Conversely, the cost of Apples items hushes up high consequently if the need of client isn't met, in this manner the contender of Apple may have a chance to substitute the market. Besides the eagerness of purchasers to change to the substitute, the purchasers might need to change provider on the off chance that they found the brand that have comparable presentation however less expensive. In Apple case, the clients hush up high steadfastness in the brand. As can be seen from Daily mail news (First Poulter, 2010), the primary day that iPhone 4 discharged, there were delegated of individuals lined before their shops the world over. Moreover, Campbell (2002) expressed that the string of substitute of the item can be as diminished as more purchasers dedication of the items. Thus, the string of substitute result of Apple hushes up low. The force of contention among rival in the business Organizations as a rule contend with one another from multiple points of view for instance, estimating, advancement, publicizing and extra administrations (Campbell, 2002). Moreover, Smit (2006) bolsters that to contend between firms is like the maneuvering for position which numerous strategies are utilized to rival one another. Also, Campbell (2002) demands that the fifth power is the most significant in five powers model and 3 elements of the fifth power have been clarified. First the tallness of section obstructions and the number and size of the rivals in the business (Campbell, 2002: p. 140), as referenced above Apple have enormous firms to be their rivals, for example, Sony, Microsoft and that's only the tip of the iceberg. Then again, because of the separated and nature of Apples items, it brings about that Apple is in the primary situation of the most creative organization and their money related circumstance is effective (Bloomberg Businessweek, 2010) Second the level of brand faithfulness of clients (Campbell, 2002: p.141), as can be seen on the main day of discharging iPhone 4 (First Poulter, 2010) that there were more than a huge number of individuals who lined to buy iPhone 4 around the globe, it furthermore shows that the Apples brand unwaveringness of clients is high. Consequently, the exceptional rivalry of Apple hushes up low. Third the intensity of purchasers and accessibility of substitutes (Campbell, 2002: p.141), due to the separated in Apples items, it brings about low bartering intensity of the purchasers and low accessibility of substitutes too. End All in all, because of accomplishment of Apples separated, the reliability of their clients among the items and numerous organizations need to be a piece of Apples provider, it bring about low haggling intensity of provider and purchasers, calm low string of new contestant and substitute of item and the power of competition is low. Along these lines it might be presume that there are very few impacts from five powers on Apple Company. ernestfuller197http://www.blogger.com/profile/01905942311381912065noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-129135799015058928.post-65277011805763105132020-07-15T18:57:00.001-07:002020-07-15T18:57:03.071-07:004 Pitfalls of Remote Work (and How to Overcome Them) 4 Pitfalls of Remote Work (and How to Overcome Them) About 10 years ago, working from home (or anywhere away from the office) was virtually unheard of.As the internet became more ubiquitous and the knowledge-based economy started becoming mainstream, however, it became possible to work from anywhere in the world, and professionals started embracing the concept of working remotely.Still, a lot of people did not believe in this model of working. Since the adoption of remote work was chiefly driven by millennials, it was treated as another âannoyingâ millennial fad that would quickly fade away.Today, however, working remotely has become the future of work, giving millennials another chance to prove critics wrong.According to a Global State of Remote Work report by Owl Labs, which polled over 3000 workers from all over the world, 18% of employees work from home full time, 52% work remotely at least once per week, and 68% work remotely at least once per month.The same survey also reports that 16% of global companies are fully remote (no offices or headquarters.Everyone works from wherever they choose), while 40% of global companies use a hybrid model where employees have the choice of working either remotely or within the office.According to another worldwide remote workers survey by PGI, 50% of employees who work remotely part-time reported that they wanted to increase the number of hours they work remotely.In addition, 60% of employees who work remotely part-time said that they would leave their current positions for another job at the same pay rate if the new job allowed them to work remotely full time.Yet another survey by Stack Overflow found that 53% of developers reported that the ability to work remotely was a top priority for them when considering a new job.Below are some more statistics about remote work: Remote work statistics in the US. Source: SlideshareAll the above statistics show that remote work is fast becoming the preferred mode of working, and we can expect the number of people who work remotely to continue growing.But why is remote working becoming so popular?There are a number of reasons, which include: LESS TIME SPENT COMMUTINGLetâs face it.Commuting to and from work wastes a lot of time.In the UK, the average person spends about 60 â" 80 minutes every day on the commute to and from work.Since this is just the average, there are people who spend up to two hours in traffic to and from work every single day.Not only does this waste time, it is also bad for the environment (increased carbon footprint) and may even lead to stress.According to a report by the UKâs Royal Society for Public Health, over 50% of workers experience stress that can be directly attributed to long commute times.Working from home saves workers from these long commutes, which translates into less t ime wasted (increased productivity), less environmental impact on the environment, and reduced levels of stress.FLEXIBLE SCHEDULEWorking remotely, especially for those who work remotely full time, means that you have the freedom to schedule your day as you wish.For instance, if you work as a content creator or a web developer, you have the freedom to do your work at whatever time suits you best, provided you donât miss your deadlines.If you prefer working at night, you can do it without having to worry about the office being closed.Even for those who have to work remotely within the constraints of a normal work day, you still have the freedom to take breaks you wouldnât be able to take at the office, and whatâs more, you can use these breaks in ways you wouldnât be able to at the office.For instance, if you are feeling strung after an hour of intense concentration on a project, you can take a 15 minute break to either take a refreshing power nap, do some yoga, or anything el se that helps you to rejuvenate yourself effectively.At the office, the most you can do is to go through your social media or take a bathroom/smoking break.INCREASED PRODUCTIVITYThis might come as a surprise, but working from home (or the nearby coffee shop) can also make you more productive.According to a survey conducted by Vodafone, 83% of respondents claimed that the flexibility that comes with working remotely makes them more productive.Another study conducted by Stanford professor Nicholas Bloom over a period of two years also found that employees who worked remotely were more productive compared to their colleagues who worked from the office.There are a number of reasons why working from home makes one more productive.First, since remote workers donât have to waste their time in traffic, they actually work more hours than those who have to commute to the office.Second, remote workers can work without distractions from their colleagues.Video conferencing meetings also tend t o take less time compared to in-person meetings, which leaves remote workers with more time to work.Finally, the flexibility of working from home makes employees happier and increases their enjoyment of work, which in turn leads to a boost in motivation and productivity.IT SAVES YOU MONEYOnce you start working from home, you will notice a huge difference in how much money you spend every month.The most obvious source of savings is the money you would have spent on bus fare or gas in order to get to the office.However, there are several other opportunities for saving that come with working remotely.Since you are working from home, you will make your own food, which will save you from having to spend on the expensive lunches at that fancy café next to your office block.No buying coffees on your way to work in the morning.You also wonât need to purchase two sets of clothes, one for the office and one for everyday life.At home, you can even work in your pajamas if you so wish.THE PIT FALLS OF REMOTE WORKWhile working remotely certainly has a lot of advantages, this is not to say that it is not without its challenges.If you ask anyone who routinely works from home, they will tell you that itâs not all rainbows, butterflies, and unicorns.After numerous conversations with people who work remotely (I being one of them), I have noticed that there are four pitfalls of remote work that stand out. Below are the four pitfalls, and how to overcome them.1. Working Too MuchA lot of managers are reluctant about having their employees work remotely because they think that the lack of physical, in-person supervision means that the employees will slack off. Nothing could be farther from the truth.If anything, the opposite is what happens â" employees working remotely tend to work more than they normally do at the office.Under the traditional model of working, leaving the office means that you have switched off work. People calling your office telephone wonât be able to rea ch you till the next morning.Similarly, work emails will go unchecked until you get to the office the next morning.When your work and your personal life take place within the same environment, however, it becomes harder to set boundaries between work and personal life.If you work from home, colleagues, bosses, and clients can easily reach you through your cell phone or home telephone, regardless of the time of day.Unlike at the office where you might want to leave early to catch the train or beat the evening traffic, you donât have to worry about such things when working from home, which might lead to the temptation to work on that exciting project for longer than you would have done at the office.If you work from the office, anything you remember while after leaving the office will have to wait till you get to the office the next morning.When everything you need to work is right there with you, however, you are more likely to give in to the temptation to do one little thing just before bed, and before you know it, you are still working past midnight.When working from home, the lines between work and personal time blur and work becomes never-ending, something that can even lead to exhaustion and burnout.How to Avoid Working Too MuchIf you feel like you are working too much when working from home, below are some tips that will help you avoid exhaustion and burnout from too much work.Set appointments at the end of the work day: At the office, there will be always be something to remind you that the work day is over â" other colleagues leaving the office, need to catch the bus or beat traffic, and so on. At home, without such things to remind you that the work day is over, it is easy to find yourself working past your normal work hours. A good way to prevent this is to have something scheduled for the end of the work day that forces you to stop working. This could be a daily evening walk, a daily trip to the gym, a book-reading appointment, and so on. Basicall y, have something that you need to do after work.Set up reminders for breaks: When working at home, it is also quite easy to forget about taking breaks. This is because you donât have to walk around to consult colleagues, get to meetings and so on. To deal with this, you need to set up reminders to take short breaks every couple of hours. A good way is to schedule your day using the Pomodoro technique.Let your colleagues know when your day is done, then shut down your computer: One of the things that keeps remote workers working beyond the normal working day is requests from colleagues. A colleague who is working late will figure that, since you are working from home, you can handle a quick request from them, even if it is past working hours. After all, you are still âin the office.â To avoid this, make it clear to your colleagues that your working hours are over. Follow this with shutting down your computer, or at least logging off Slack, or whatever tool your organization us es to communicate. If you claim that your working hours are over but then stick around on Slack for an extra hour, someone is bound to ask you to do something for them.Have a physical boundary for your workspace: The best way of separating your work from personal time when working at home is to have a dedicated home office. This way, once you are done working, you can walk out of the office like everyone else. If you donât have a dedicated home office, the next best thing to do is to put your laptop away so that you donât end up being tempted to continue working.2. Lack of CommunityIf you are an introvert whoâs happiest when you are enjoying your own company, you would probably give anything for the opportunity to work from home.Most of us, however, are not introverts. We thrive in situations that allow us to have interactions with fellow humans.Working within an office environment provides you with the perfect opportunity to interact with other people.You can talk to your col leagues when asking about a project, have moments of interaction at the water cooler, and perhaps even have lunch or after work drinks with them. Your colleagues form a social circle around you that keeps you going.Working from home, on the other hand, deprives you of this opportunity to interact with colleagues. There are no colleagues to talk to. There is no colleague to go for lunch or after work drinks with.During your short trip to the water cooler, the only thing living thing you will encounter is your cat â" if you have one that is.If you live alone, you might even go for days without an in-person interaction with another human being.This can lead to a life of loneliness, or a hermit like existence where you even become scared of going out in public and interacting with other people. In extreme situations, it can even lead to depression.Granted, even as a remote worker, you canât escape communicating with other people.You will have to write emails to clients, interact with your colleagues through phone calls and communication applications like Slack, attend the occasional video meeting, and so on.However, these interactions with other people through a computer screen do not create the sense of community and connection that comes with interacting with other people in person.How to Avoid a Life of Loneliness as a Remote WorkerIf you are the introverted type, working in solitude might not be a huge challenge for you.If you thrive from social interactions, however, you need to take some action to avoid falling into a reclusive life.Below are some tips on how to avoid a life of loneliness as a remote worker:Make social breaks a part of your schedule: Include activities that require you to spend some time outside your home into your daily or weekly schedule. For instance, you could schedule lunch or drinks with friends about two or three days a week. Even something as simple as going to the gym every evening can provide that connection to other people.Donâ t work from home every day: The beauty of remote work is that it can be done from anywhere. Instead of working all alone at home, why not carry your laptop to the library, a nearby coffee shop, or even a co-working space near you? Working from such spaces allows you to socialize with other people while still giving you the freedom that comes with working remotely.Find opportunities for socializing: Join a local group or organization with regular activities, take some dance classes, join a book club, or basically anything else that gives you a chance to interact with other people.3. MiscommunicationAs a remote worker, majority of your communication with clients, colleagues, and bosses is done online â" email, communication tools, project management tools, text message and other instant messaging apps, and so on.With so many platforms through which communication can be made, it is very easy to miss some messages.In addition, communication through written text is not the most effect ive mode of communication.When talking to someone in person, the message is conveyed not only through what is said, but through non-verbal aspects of communication, such as tone of voice, facial expressions, gestures, and so on.When communicating through email or Slack, these non-verbal cues are not there, which makes messages prone to misinterpretations, leading to miscommunication and misunderstandings.If you work remotely while some of your colleagues work in the office, it is inevitable that there will be things that will be said informally that wonât make it to you.In such cases, it is very easy to assume that your colleagues are sidelining you and making decisions without your input.All these issues can break down the communication process and even lead to bad blood between you and your colleagues.How to Avoid Breakdown of CommunicationPreventing the breakdown of communication boils down to two things. First, you and your organization should decide on one chief mode of commu nication.For instance, if you decide that Slack is the main mode of communication, all communication should be made through Slack.This way, people will be less likely to miss messages sent on another platform. Second, you should get in the habit of seeking and providing clarification for anything that could be potentially misinterpreted.In addition, if there are some colleagues that work in the office while you work remotely, you should have someone in the office to update you on anything important that might have been said informally.4. Loss of Productivity Due to DistractionsI mentioned earlier that working remotely helps increase productivity by reducing distractions from colleagues.Sometimes, however, working from home might also have its own share of distractions that you wouldnât encounter at the office.A neighbor might be playing excessively loud music, there might a very interesting program on the TV, a friend might drop by unannounced, or if you donât live alone, family members might make it hard for you to concentrate on your work.This is especially true when you have small kids in the house. Small kids might not understand that you have to work and are not available for play.They will keep interrupting you and make it almost impossible for you to get anything done.How to Deal With Distractions at HomeWhile it is impossible to avoid all distractions, there are some strategies that you can still use to minimize distractions while working from home. These include:Set up a home office: This is the best way to minimize distractions. If you work from the couch or the kitchen, it can be quite a challenge keeping your family members from disturbing you while you work. If you have a home office, however, they will understand that you are in work mode and are not to be disturbed. You can even lock the door to ensure kids do not come barging in and distracting you.Have a signal to let others know you are in work mode: If you do not have a dedicated home of fice space and have to work from a shared space, have a signal that letâs your family members know that you are busy and are not to be disturbed. This could be something like putting on your headphones, placing a âdo not disturbâ sign on the kitchen/bedroom door, and so on.Get childcare: If you have very young kids, it is essential for you to get someone to care for the child, because it will be impossible for you to work when the child needs your attention.Explain to your family members that you need to concentrate: If your kids are older or if you have your spouse in the house with you, let them know that it is absolutely important for you to concentrate and that they should not disturb you. Have them find something to occupy themselves with while you are working.Find somewhere else to work: If it becomes utterly impossible for you to avoid distractions while working from home, find a place with less distractions to work from, such as the library or a co-working space.WRAPPI NG UPWhile the trend of working remotely is increasingly becoming very popular, it is not without its challenges.The four major challenges experienced by those working remotely are working too much, lack of community and social interaction, breakdown of communication and loss of productivity because of distractions.Despite these pitfalls, working remotely can be very rewarding, and the good thing is, we have already shown you how to overcome them.All you need to do now is to follow the tips shared above to enjoy the awesome benefits of working remotely. ernestfuller197http://www.blogger.com/profile/01905942311381912065noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-129135799015058928.post-50382699739522948032020-05-21T13:17:00.001-07:002020-05-21T13:17:05.246-07:00The Evolution Of The Homo - 2311 Words Our homo ancestors date back to about 2.5 million years ago. Classification of the genus Homo into species and subspecies remains poorly defined and subject to incomplete information, leading to difficulties in binomial naming, and the use of common names, such as Neanderthal and Denisovan. With that being said, many people get a misunderstanding when discussing our homo ancestors. The biggest issue is knowing what a species are actually apart of the genus homo and who isnââ¬â¢t. Several species, including Australopithecus garhi, Australopithecus sediba, Australopithecus africanus, and Australopithecus afarensis, have been proposed as the direct ancestor of the Homo lineage. These species have morphological features that align them withâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Homo habilis had smaller molars and larger brains than the australopithecines, and made tools from stone and perhaps animal bones. One of the first known hominids, it was nicknamed handy man by discoverer Louis Leake y due to its association with stone tools. Some scientists have proposed moving this species out of Homo and into Australopithecus due to the morphology of its skeleton being more adapted to living on trees rather than to moving on two legs like Homo sapiens. Homo rudolfensis findings in Kenya have been suggested to be Homo habilis, but scientists are unsure. The fossils found from these two species are said to be from about 1.8 million years ago. Homo georgicus, named after the country Georgia, is said to possibly be an intermediate form between Homo erectus and Homo habilis or a sub species of Homo erectus. Homo erectus lived from about 1.8 million to about 70,000 years ago. Many scientist believe that the early stages of erectus, about 1.8 to 1.2 million years ago, is a separate species called Homo ergaster, seen as a sub species of erectus. In the early Pleistocene, 1.5ââ¬â1 Ma, in Africa some populations of Homo habilis are thought to have evolved more complex brains and made more elaborate stone tools; these differences and others are sufficient for anthropologists to classify them as a new species, Homo erectus. The next two species are said to be a mix between Homo ernestfuller197http://www.blogger.com/profile/01905942311381912065noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-129135799015058928.post-69489689984708931732020-05-06T07:53:00.001-07:002020-05-06T07:53:43.543-07:00Managing the Total Marketing Effort Free Essays Product: An established beverage manufacturer is introducing a completely new product ââ¬â flavored milk beverages. The target market is 6-12 years old. à à The product is being launched nationwide and that the retail price, which has been set based on research done, is a dollar per 240ml carton. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing the Total Marketing Effort or any similar topic only for you Order Now à The cartons are being sold to retail outlets for $0.80. Conducting an accurate break-even analysis requires a careful examination and study of costs and prices in your business. (entrepreneur.com, 2006) Financials Controls: a. Cost of the project All aspects of the cost of manufacture must be taken into account in order to accurately estimate the total cost of the project.à Letââ¬â¢s say hypothetically that 100,000 cartons are being manufactured, and that cost of making the milk is $5,000, bearing in mind that flavorings, preservatives and sugar is added to dairy milk to make it flavored. Additional costs pertaining to this include packaging, which comes to an amount of $15,000, cost of labeling is $5,000 and distribution to 10,000 retail outlets across the country is going to cost approximately $15,000. à In addition to this advertising is estimated to cost approximately $25,000. Bearing all this in mind, the total cost for 100,000 cartons comes to $65,000. b. Revenue forecast It is estimated based on market research done that 90% of the product will sell, with the main target market being six to 12 year olds.à From this we can deduce that e 10% of the total amount of product manufactured will spoil or be damaged. Given that the price for each carton is $1, and that total cost of production and distribution is $65,000, and further that $80,000 will be expected to be generated by sales to retailers, this means that the manufacturer will generate $15,000 of profit per 1000,000 cartons of flavored milk. Part 2 Marketing strategies Marketing is this is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to satisfy customers (CFDC, 2006). This paper assesses which marketing strategy would best suit the project by comparing two marketing mediums, television and print, in a newspaper. Pros of television marketing TV marketing allows strategies such as immediate entry into a personââ¬â¢s lounge, repetition and the drumming of the message into those on the receiving end. à Targeting can be done in a variety of ways ââ¬â the number of times the advert is repeated, the time it is played and the program it is played during can all impact on the message the advert is trying to bring across.à The same advert can be distributed among a variety of channels.à The impact is subconscious.à Statistics also show that more children are watching TV in the afternoons than ever before.à Advertisers using the medium of TV have many options. Cons of television marketing It is expensive, and much of its impact is lost when people hop between channels. Pros of newspaper marketing The advert is physical and can be seen time and time again and referred back to by the person.à Some targeting can be done: size and placing in the paper can be determined, and the type of paper, such as business, youth, etc., can be determined.à A paper can be in print, or online. Cons of newspaper marketing The advert may not be noticed or read by the target audience, and the marketer has no control over who reads the paper.à Online adverts can be slow to download and can irritate the consumer. I believe that television marketing is still the most effective form of marketing. References CFDC, 2006, ââ¬Å"Glossary of Business Termsâ⬠retrieved 15 May 2006 Entrepreneur.com, 2006 ââ¬Å"Conducting a Break Even Analysisâ⬠retrieved 15 May 2006 from the website http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/0,4621,318052,00.html How to cite Managing the Total Marketing Effort, Essay examples ernestfuller197http://www.blogger.com/profile/01905942311381912065noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-129135799015058928.post-76864553053976643282020-04-25T02:42:00.001-07:002020-04-25T02:42:02.622-07:00The Hip-Hop/Rock Phenomenon Essays - Music, African-American Culture The Hip-Hop/Rock Phenomenon It seems as though you can barely read a magazine or flip on the television without hearing about one of these new hip-hop/rock groups. Media outlets such as Rolling Stone and MTV treat these bands as though miraculously created this "new" genre of music. Acts such as Limp Bizkit, Kid Rock and Sugar Ray are treated though they are creative geniuses when in reality they are only doing things that have already been done before. True some of these new bands are very talented, but bands such Run DMC, the Red Hot Chili Peppers and Rage Against the Machine, blended the seemingly mismatched flavors of rap and rock with brilliant results long before any of these bands had ever even seen a turntable. The earliest recorded example of this fusion of hip-hop and hard rock, came in 1985 with the release of Run DMC's "Rock Box". The song featured a beat which sounded more like an AC/DC instrumental than what your average hip-hop consumer had grown accustomed to, nevertheless underneath the vocals of Run DMC the song was their first bonafied crossover hit. The single even landed them onto heavy rotation on MTV, making Run DMC the first hip-hop group to ever have their video played with the station. The song was only the first of a long string of hits for the group to feature hard rock beats, of course with pumped up bass and the prerequisite turntable scratch. Their success carried over to their remake of Aerosmiths classic "Walk This Way", which too became an instant classic. The record also marked the first direct collaboration between a rap group and a rock band. However while Run DMC was a hip-hop group with heavy rock influence, the Red Hot Chili Peppers are a perfect example of the exact opposite, a rock band with distinct hip-hop overtones. From as early back to the mid-eighties the Chili Peppers were trendsetters, they were regularly sharing headline in Los Angeles clubs with hip-hop acts, which one must remember was at a time when rap music was frowned upon by the rock community. Either way somewhere on their path they picked up on certain elements from hip-hop music and successfully incorporated them into their eclectic playing style. On recordings such as "Good Time Boys" from the bands critically acclaimed album Mothers Milk, it is not hard to see that he is indeed rapping to the beat as opposed to the usually singing which one would expect from an alternative band. But the genius lies in the fact that the song retains its original qualities keeping it from becoming a wannabe rap song, yet at the very same time it pushed the creative envelope for music as a whole and also pushing the Chili Peppers onto new creative ground. It was easy see that Run DMC and the Red Hot Chili Peppers were bands who while firmly rooted in one genre of music heavily borrowed elements from another genre. However Rage Against the Machine was much different than either one of these bands, it was the true brainchild of both hip-hop and hard rock. It could be argued with that with the release of their first album in 1992, that they were the first rap/rock band to truly be split right down the middle. The band utilized definite hard rock beats that could in no way be confused with any sort of hip-hop beat, however their vocalist Zach De La Rocha could in no way be taken for anything other than a rapper. It was a sharp contrast to the previous attempts to fuse the two styles of music together and the band did it beautifully. De La Rocha, whose previous experience as a rapper in various Los Angeles hip-hop groups, fit perfectly over the hard rock beats provided by his band mates. Fortunately the music scene was finally ready for their sound, which led to the group gaining critical acclaim and modest video play. Despite what the media is trying to sell the public, do not believe the hype. Hip-hop/rock hybrids are nothing new to the music scene, it is just the latest trend beingused to sell magazines and fuel album sales. Which is not necessarily wrong, it is only ernestfuller197http://www.blogger.com/profile/01905942311381912065noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-129135799015058928.post-71644280664411169002020-03-18T00:59:00.001-07:002020-03-18T00:59:03.597-07:00Government Regulation of Psychology ProfessionGovernment Regulation of Psychology Profession Introduction The legal aspect of professional psychology concerns itself with adherence to law and ethics governing the profession in areas relating to treatment of mental patients and subjects in empirical research. Government regulation of psychology profession is mostly done through formulation of relevant laws and creation of means of understanding the legal issues and questions in the field of professional psychology.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Government Regulation of Psychology Profession specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The professional practice of psychology has become increasingly complex in modern society which has resulted in renewed attention on issues regarding its legality and ethics. Ethics refer to the rules and guidelines that govern the conduct of psychology professionals. These are clearly outlined in the American Psychology Associationââ¬â¢s ethics code which provide the standard s of professional conduct that psychologists are expected to adhere to when dealing with clients. On the other hand, law refers to a body of rules that govern the affairs of a specific community. While the ethics code has the force of law in situations where it is used as a licensing regulation, its violation does not necessarily imply violation of law. Legal Issues Relating To Informed Consent and Refusal The principle of informed consent dictates that participants in any form of psychology research and therapy should be adequately informed in an easy to understand language, of all the significant factors that could affect their willingness to participate in such processes (Rivera, 2010). The patients have a right to be informed about the possible physical and emotional risks associated with the treatment process and the psychologist should also inform them of alternative forms of treatment and their effects in order for patients to be able to make informed decisions. In the event where the patient is unable to understand the medical procedure consequently hindering his ability to make a decision, the professional psychologist should look for an experienced attorney in the health care field who should make the decision on behalf of the patient.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In absence of such a person, the doctor is under obligation to look for another authorized practitioner with whom they make appropriate decision of behalf of the client. The basis of legal doctrines of informed consensus lies in the ability of adult patients of sound mind to make decisions regarding the doctorââ¬â¢s proposed medical procedure in self determination (Rivera, 2010). Psychologist and their clients engage in an extensive discussion regarding the medical procedure which serves to inform the patient of the possible risks and benefits associated with the pro cedures. In addition, the law requires such professionals to take rational steps to converse with patients in situations where there exists a communication barrier so that they are able to give an informed consent regarding their treatment. The right to give an informed consent also creates a provision for refusal rights. Patients and clients have a right to turn down any form of treatment regardless of its necessity upon which the professional psychologist should initiate further discussions. The patient may choose to reject the medication due to lack of trust, fear, depression, religious views among other factors and the practitioner should not use coercive means to convince the patient to agree to undergo treatment. Legal Issues in Assessment, Testing, And Diagnosis in Professional Psychology Psychological testing has continued to be a major mode of professional inquiry and is most commonly used in psychological research to measure varying constructs. Through psychometrics, profe ssional psychologists analyze samples of the subjectââ¬â¢s behavior in order to assess their functioning. Often, concerns have been raised over ethical and legal issues regarding human treatment during the process of psychological assessment and testing. Consequently, facilities that conduct psychological testing are regulated through institutional review boards which govern the way subjects are treated during such processes.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Government Regulation of Psychology Profession specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through psychological assessment, psychologists engage in comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the subjects in order to come up with a diagnosis. Psychologists are under obligation to effectively communicate the results of the assessment to the client using clear and easy to understand language. If the practitioner does not present the results in person, it should be agr eed upon prior the assessment and he should ensure that the person delivering the information does so in a clear and competent manner. The security of results and client diagnosis should also be ensured and availability of the results should be limited to the client and the referral source unless otherwise indicated by the client. Legal issues relating to testing, assessment and diagnosis further seek to address the test bias associated with the process. Systematic error in measurement may occur in certain incidences due to existence of biasness towards minority groups especially in intelligence tests, psychopathology, and academic potential tests. In response to this, proposals to outlaw some of the psychological tests and develop more appropriate psychological assessment have been put forward. The law further requires that subjects in psychological research be treated in a humane way. Subjects in research should be reasonably and adequately compensated for their time and should be protected against stigmatization and discrimination. The United States congress has passed a number of influential legislative acts that relates to testing and assessment such as the civil rights Act, Americans with disability Act, and truth in testing law among other legislation. Importance of Maintaining Confidentiality in the Therapeutic Relationship Professional psychologists are obligated to ensure that the clientââ¬â¢s right to privacy is maintained through maintenance of confidentiality. It is regarded as a fundamental component of therapeutic relationships since it promotes trust between the practitioner and the client consequently facilitating positive outcomes.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The utilitarianism perspective argues that if confidentiality is not maintained, patients may fail to disclose all the relevant information which would prove damaging to the healing process (Anonymous, 2008). The deontology perspective argues that the role of maintaining client confidentiality is a universal moral obligation that therapists should seek to maintain (Anonymous, 2008). The relationship between the patient and therapist is based on the expectation that any form of information that the client reveals is going to be kept confidential failure to which results in undermining the universal moral obligation. Maintaining a clientââ¬â¢s confidentiality is viewed as respect to the individualââ¬â¢s autonomy which enables him or her to have control over issues relating to own life such as the right to keep private information and make independent decisions regarding oneââ¬â¢s health. There exist ethical and legal provisions that regulate confidentiality in therapeutic rel ationships. Failure to adhere to these regulations may lead to punitive measures which negatively impact on the practitionerââ¬â¢s career. However, various bodies have acknowledged that confidentiality cannot be absolute. For instance, The Australian Medical Association code of ethics, 2004 creates a provision for exceptions in maintaining confidentiality for cases where there is a serious risk to the patient or other people (Anonymous, 2008). Various legislations have also been enacted to deal with confidentiality issues which create provisions which render therapists liable in case of breach of confidentiality. Influence of Legislation on Professional Psychology Professional psychology practice in modern world is heavily influenced by various government legislations. Countries have formulated psychology profession acts which aim at regulating the activities carried out by psychology professionals. The acts often outline the qualifications of psychologist practitioners and dicta tes that such practitionersââ¬â¢ posses a valid license in order to establish their own practice. This serves to protect mental patients from unqualified practitioners who may be out to exploit them rather than providing them with the necessary treatment that they require. In United States, a number of legislations have been enacted which directly or indirectly affect the profession of psychology. Most of these acts are established by the federal government hence vary from one state to another. In most states, there exist specific laws that outline the educational requirement for such professionals. In the state of Virginia, practitioners should hold a doctorate degree in a psychology profession program from a recognized University and should be accredited by the American Psychology Association. This serves to ensure that the licensed psychologists are adequately trained and skilled to deal with the patientââ¬â¢s problems. The law further governs the profession of psychology t hrough control of bodies which deal with issuance of license and have the ability to revoke such licensees upon failure by practitioner to adhere to rules and regulations governing the profession. In order to ensure that they remain in operation, professional psychologists adhere to the legal and ethical standards while dealing with clients. This ensures that the clientââ¬â¢s rights are upheld during the process of treatment which also plays an important role in the recovery process. Persons licensed by boards are also subject to other disciplinary actions upon failure to comply with the legal standards of the profession. A client who feels that his rights have been violated against during the course of treatment may sue the practitioner in a court of law for damages. Role of Competence in Professional Psychology The nature of work in professional psychology requires competent practitioners who are capable of dealing with diverse issues facing human mental health. This has led to shift within the profession towards emphasis on acquisition and maintenance of competence. This is achieved through development of educational programs that aim at producing competence and establishment of bodies that award credentials and certify practitioners as competent. Embracing a culture of confidence within the psychology profession promotes learning and innovation where practitioners can develop new and more effective means of dealing with psychological problems. Ensuring competence among professional psychologists protects the patients from unqualified practitioners and serves to promote effective service provision in the health sector. Conclusion Legal aspects of psychology play a key role in regulating the practice of professional psychology in society. It is especially important since it serves to protect the psychological ill from selfish drives of incompetent practitioners. The legal aspects seek to address issues regarding confidentiality of patientââ¬â¢s informa tion and protection of patients during the treatment period. Legal legislations relating to such issues serve to protect patients undergoing treatment and subjects in psychological research against exploitation and inhumane treatment. The law has therefore played an important role in regulation of the client therapy relationship which has boosted patientsââ¬â¢ confidence encouraging them to seek help for various mental problems. Reference List Anonymous, (2008). Confidentiality in Therapeutic Relationships: The Need to Develop Comprehensive Guidelines for Mental Health Professionals. Web. Rivera, R. (2010). Legal Aspects of Professional Psychology. Web. ernestfuller197http://www.blogger.com/profile/01905942311381912065noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-129135799015058928.post-30285797531851333952020-03-01T16:43:00.001-08:002020-03-01T16:43:03.497-08:00Southern California Institute of Architecture AdmissionSouthern California Institute of Architecture Admission Southern California Institute of Architecture Admissions Overview: In general, students with good grades and test scores are more likely to be accepted at SCI-Arc. Since the school is focused on architecture, students will need to submit a portfolio of work as part of the application. Additional required materials include a resume, personal statement, high school transcripts, letters of recommendation, and SAT or ACT scores. For more information, or if you have any questions about the admissions process, be sure to visit SCI-Arcs website, or get in touch with the schools admissions office. Admissions Data (2016): SCI-Arc Acceptance Rate: - %SCI-Arc has open admissionsTest Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: - / -SAT Math: - / -SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanACT Composite: - / -ACT English: - / -ACT Math: - / -ACT Writing: - / -What these ACT numbers mean Southern California Institute of Architecture Description: The Southern California Institute of Architecture is an independent school of architecture in Los Angeles, California. The campus is located in the rehabilitated historic site of the Santa Fe Freight Depot, at the heart of the urban art district in downtown Los Angeles. The college takes an experimental approach to architecture education, emphasizing practical experience and encouraging undergraduate and graduate students to work together in a non-hierarchical environment. SCI-Arc offers one undergraduate program, a bachelorââ¬â¢s degree in architecture, as well as two- and three-year master of architecture programs and two postgraduate master of design research programs in emerging systems and technologies and city design, planning and policy. Students benefit from the flexible, nontraditional program both inside and outside of class, with 24/7 access to architecture studio spaces, a unique cultural environment and various student-led clubs, activities and social events. Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 519à (262 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 62% Male / 38% Female95% Full-time Costs (2016à - 17): Tuition and Fees: $42,900Books: $6,848à (why so much?)Room and Board: $7,260Other Expenses: $9,889Total Cost: $66,897 SCI-Arc Financial Aid (2015à - 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 28%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 28%Loans: 13%Average Amount of AidGrants: $18,668Loans: $5,500 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:à Architecture. Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 81%4-Year Graduation Rate: 67%6-Year Graduation Rate: 83% Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like SCI-Arc, You May Also Like These Schools: Pratt Institute: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphCarnegie Mellon University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphRhode Island School of Design: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphCalifornia Institute of Technology: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphHarvard University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphRice University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphNew York University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphArizona State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Oregon: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphCornell University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUC - Berkeley: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphSyracuse University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph ernestfuller197http://www.blogger.com/profile/01905942311381912065noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-129135799015058928.post-24992968321274362252020-02-14T08:09:00.001-08:002020-02-14T08:09:02.307-08:00Presentation critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsPresentation critique - Essay Example The 18th century saw great movements to abolish the trade stem up and grow. In the early years of 19th century however, Britain as well as US declared the trade illegal and in 1833, the entire British Empire consented to the abolishment of the trade. The slave trade thrived in the Atlantic regions as was necessitated by the various commodities that were exchanged between Europe, Africa as well as America. The African continent offered Africans as slaves in exchange of commodities and in often times without any gain to America. The American continent on the other hand provided Europe with cotton, Tobacco and sugar. Africa then benefited through textile, rum as well as manufactured goods from the Europeans. The concern here would be how literature would reveal the mutual benefit between the three continents while in actual sense the Africans lost as slaves were fetched from them through disguise. Spain, France, Portugal, Norway, Netherlands, Sweden as well as England were the major cou ntries from Europe, which participated within the slave trade. The main merchandize of trade from the European continent were Brass utensils, beads, pewter, guns, gunpowder, spirits as well as food commodities. Trading nations were identified through hoisting of the flag and a specific slave trader would be stationed there for maintaining good relations with the African correspondences participating in the trade. Slaves were obtained through negotiations with the natives as well as by raids that were organized periodically by the Europeans. It is worth noting that the Africans played the two roles of perpetrators and victims to the slave trade. The Portuguese were strategic in the trade by targeting the African countries that were at war and they would side with one side and acquire slaves from the loosing country. The Africans therefore were wittingly used to capture and trade fellow Africans for trade under the disguise of collaboration while in other instances, Europeans would ra id Africans for such supplies. The actual journey in trade involved the transport of the slaves through water where depending on the number of slaves on board, the terms ââ¬Ëloose-packingââ¬â¢ and ââ¬Ëtight-packingââ¬â¢. Loose packing meant that few slaves would be packed together with large quantities of cargo. Tight packing on the other hand had a higher percentage of live to dead slaves on board was bigger to that of loose packing. Tight packing however dominated much of the slave trade. The slaves suffered extreme conditions of heat, congestion in docks, sexual harassment, staying in chains as well as exposure to unhealthy conditions. In extreme cases, the slaves on transit would rebel and this would result too many deaths through suicide and violence. Nevertheless, there were exceptional cases where slaves received fair treatment from their captors as shown by the case of Olaudah Equiano who was capture at age 11 and received good treatment all through. The second p resentation however covers much of regulations and laws that were crafted to address the slave trade at different regions. For instance, in America, slavery was a common feature though existing policies and laws inhibited the rights of citizenship of the slaves there. The Northwest ordinance provided the boundary between states that adopted slaves and those that abolished it. Indentured servants were the commonly used aids instead of slaves within the Free states. There was a noted ernestfuller197http://www.blogger.com/profile/01905942311381912065noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-129135799015058928.post-25133440977126256112020-02-01T18:24:00.001-08:002020-02-01T18:24:02.814-08:00Life cycle of malaria Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 wordsLife cycle of malaria - Outline Example These sporozoite stage plasmodiums enter into the blood circulation (Hall and Fauci, 1640). The merozoites invade and enter vulnerable erythrocytes from where they go through differentiation and replicate over several days. They are produced in large numbers and soon rupture the erythrocytes. These results in their release back into the circulation to begin the blood stage again (Hall and Fauci, 1640). The parasites may differentiate into gametocytes while in the blood stage. On been taken up by a feeding mosquito, the gametocytes replicate and mature into male and female gametes which fuse forming zygotes that go through differentiation and replication in the mosquito gut to form sporozoites that move to the salivary glands of the mosquito from where they can be transmitted (Hall and Fauci, (1640). a. Modifications of the plasmodium cells, the infected erythrocytes, and changes in transcript abudance during maturation of the parasite within the erythrocytes as Bozdech, Llinas, Pulliam et al., (n.p.) found out. Bozdech, Zbynek, Manuel Llinas, Brian Pulliam, et. al. ââ¬Å"The Transcriptome of the Intraerythrocytic Developmental Cycle of Plasmodium falciparum.â⬠Plos Biology 1.1, (2003); n. pag. Web. 24 March 2014. Delves, Michael, David Plouffe, Christian Scheurer, Stephan Meister, Sergio Wittlin, Elizabeth A. Weinzler, Robert E. Sinden and Didier Leroy. ââ¬Å"The Activities of Current Antimalarial Drugs on the Life Cycle Stages of Plasmodium: A Comparative Study with Human and Rodent Parasites.â⬠PloS Med 9.2 (2012): n. pag. Web. 9 March 2014. Hall, Fenton and Anthony Fauci. ââ¬Å"Malaria Control, Elimination, and Eradication: The Role of the Evolving Biomedical Research Agenda.â⬠The Journal of Infectious Diseases 200.11 (2009): 1639 ââ¬â 1643. Web. 9 March 2014. Pongtavornpinyo, Wirichada, Ian M. Hastings, Arjen Dondorp, Lisa J. White, Richard J. Maude, Sompob Saralamba, Nicholas P. Day Nicholas J. white and Maciej F. ernestfuller197http://www.blogger.com/profile/01905942311381912065noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-129135799015058928.post-33409258213604757602020-01-24T14:48:00.001-08:002020-01-24T14:48:02.694-08:00Solutions to Gang Violence in Society Essay -- Gang Violence Crimes Vi Gang violence is a major problem in our society today. If nothing is done soon, gang violence could take place in our neighborhoods. MW Klein, a gang researcher, says that gangs are an aggregation of youths who perceive themselves as distinct, and that are viewed as distinct by the community. Klein also states that the gangs call forth a consistently negative image of themselves through their actions (Klein). To those involved in gangs however, gang membership provided a youth means of attempting to consolidate their gender identities (Douglas). Most of the early American street gangs have historically been ethnically based. Early gangs were mainly Irish, Polish, or Italian (Klein). Communities all over deal with gang violence. Criminologist and crime writer John E. Douglas, explained how the propagation of street gangs in America and the violence associated with them is disturbing. He mentioned that street gangs have a presence in 94 percent of all the U.S. cities with populations greater than 100,000 (Klein). A number of studies have been conducted dealing with gang violence throughout the world. One particular study in Chicago showed that five percent of elementary school children were affiliated with street gang, as well as 35 percent of high school dropouts (Klein). Elizabeth Van Ella of the Chicago Crime Commission, explained that in Chicago alone, 65,000 documented gang members account for 48 percent of the crime. A majority of the members thrive in business as a way to cover up their schemes (Hutson). They flourish in retail sales, computer sales, hospitals, office buildings, schools, transportation, and security firms. Practically, anywhere that pr ovides a cover for laundering money, and easy mobility (Hutson). Klein explains that another place that has been greatly affected is Los Angeles. Los Angeles has over 950 different gangs with more than 100,000 members. They are not just limited to inner-city ghettos, but are active in over 800 cities nation wide. Overall, nearly 100 cities with populationââ¬â¢s less then 10,000 report active street gangs (Klein). Many stereotypes of gangs have been fabricated. The problem is that a majority of gang members do not fit these stereotypes, which, in turn, makes it hard for the to be caught (Klein). Traditionally they organize their group around a specific neighborhood, school or housing projec... ...versity Press. Fall 1995. General Reference Center Gold. 21 Jan 2007 Loeber R., and D.P. Farrington. ââ¬Å"Serious and violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions.â⬠Thousand Oaks. 1998. First Search. Feb 2007 Otero, Juan. ââ¬Å"Curbing street gang violence,â⬠National League of Cities. 21 Dec 1998. General Reference Center Gold. Jan 2007 Pfeiffer, Christian. ââ¬Å"A toilet apart.â⬠New Statesman. 2 Aug 1999. General Reference Center Gold. Mar 2007 Singer, Merrill. ââ¬Å"Drugs, violence and moral panic in urban America,â⬠American Anthropologist. Mar 1998. First Search. Feb 2007 Synder, Scott. ââ¬Å"Movie portrayals of juvenile delinquency: part IIââ¬âSociology and psychology,â⬠Adolescence. Summer 1995. First Search. Feb 2007 Walker, Hill M. et al., ââ¬Å" The path to school failure, delinquency, and violence: Casual factors and some potential solutions,â⬠Intervention in School and Clinic. Nov 1999. First Search. Feb 2007 Witt, Peter A. and Joni E. Baker. ââ¬Å"Making A R.E.A.L. Difference,â⬠Parks and Recreation. Mar 1999. General Reference Center Gold. Jan 2007 Wittmeier, Carmen. ââ¬Å"Still no confession, butâ⬠¦,â⬠Alberta Report. Aug 1999. General Reference Center Gold. Feb 2007 ernestfuller197http://www.blogger.com/profile/01905942311381912065noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-129135799015058928.post-52643675724244414882020-01-16T11:12:00.001-08:002020-01-16T11:12:05.267-08:00Public Sector Innovation And National Highway Development Project Economics EssayIndia had its rendezvous with fate on 15 August 1947 when it got independency after about 200 old ages under British regulation. India started its procedure to construct up the state so by following the policies of socialism, be aftering committees. However it was marked by ruddy tapes, controls, bureaucratism hurdlings, and authorities intercession. For about 40 old ages India grew at a slow gait of 3.5 % which is now called Hindu rate of growing. In 1993 India dwelled into a new way to growing. The markets were opened ; liberalization and globalisation were the words of the twenty-four hours. However India could ne'er go the success narrative which it became without revamping its decennaries old transit substructure. India was now turning at a modest gait and to do certain that the growing degrees are increased and maintained it became imperative that the logistic substructure be improved. Acknowledging these endangering jobs India under the regulation of NDA ( National Democratic Alliance with the BJP as biggest party in the confederation ) with the auspices of the so premier curate Atal Bihari Vajpayee announced a monolithic undertaking to revamp its substructure. It was called ââ¬Å" National Highway Development Project â⬠which paved the way for a new epoch of growing.IntroductionNational Highway Development Project was implemented in 1998. It planned to widen, reconstruct the national main roads of the state which accounted for less than 2 % of the entire route web in India but carried about 40 % of the route traffic. Road denseness in India is among the lowest at 2.75km per 1000 people and 770 kilometers per 1000 sq kilometer compared to 6.7 and 841 resp. ( TCA Anant, 2008 ) The stage I of the undertaking was called the Golden Quadrilateral ( GQ ) Project. Subsequently seven more stages have been launched and the undertaking has been extended to cover all the of import hubs, ports to this national main road grid.The UndertakingThe bureau responsible for execution of NHDP was National Highway Authority of India ( NHAI ) . It is a nodal bureau under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India. The stage I and phase II of the undertaking aimed at building and up step of 13,146 kilometers of national main roads into 4 to 6 lanes. The aureate quadrangle undertaking and the north South and east West corridors were portion of these stages. Golden four-sided undertaking aimed at bettering route connectivity between the four metropolitan metropoliss of India viz. , New Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. Other major towns like Ahmedabad, Surat, Vishakhapatnam, Pune, Bangaluru were besides supposed to be a portion of these national main roads. East west corridor connected Silchar in E to Porbandar in West. North south corridor connected Srinagar in north to Kanyakumari in South. Phase III plans to incorporate the province capital and major economic hubs with the NHDP I and II and entire 12,109 kilometer of main roads will be upgraded in this stage. In stage IV around 20,000 kilometer of national main roads will be constructed and upgraded. These are majorly the main roads that were non a portion of stage I, II and III. Phase V envisages to upgrade 5000 kilometer of 4 lane roads into 6 lane roads. The authorities still has to make up one's mind which subdivisions of the main roads will be upgraded in this stage. Phase VI plans to build freewaies in India on BOT footing. These freewaies will link major industrial towns of India. Phase VII plans to construct beltwaies, overpasss, pealing roads to increase route web in metropoliss to national main roads.Economic ImpactAs the assorted undertakings were launched there was a ra pid rise in the creative activity of occupations. There was besides a immense employment coevals in both skilled and unskilled sectors. During the stage I about 250000 individuals per twenty-four hours were required or around 40 individuals per km per twenty-four hours. ( www.nhdp.org ) . Assorted sectors like steel, cement industry and equipment makers saw high growing rates during the period. As per figures from imperativeness information agency, Government of India growing rate in cement, steel and commercial vehicles were 8.1 % , 6.8 % and 55 % severally. ( www.nhdp.org ) There was a direct correlativity in the advancement of the undertaking and the GDP growing. By the clip the stage one was approaching completion India was timing a GDP growing of more than 8 % systematically. Harmonizing to World Bank the one-year benefits the one-year benefits were about Rs 8000 crore on the GQ undertaking itself. There were a batch of indirect benefits which were to be realized with the undertaking. These were chiefly a decrease in clip for transit of cargo and riders. There will besides be a decrease in vehicle operating costs, fuel costs, and care costs. As the roads will be made the connectivity of rural parts with the nearby major towns will better thereby impacting the development of the country. It would take to faster motion of the green goods and will profit trade. Most significantly there would be a great decrease in accidents. During the clip another strategy ââ¬Å" Pradhan Manti Grameen Sadak Yojana â⬠was besides envisaged and implemented by the authorities. The strategy vowed to better route substructure in the rural countries. It was decided to construct roads in the small towns and link them to the national main roads. Thus the thought on the portion of the authorities to better basic substructure was truly applaudable. In January 2012 when the authorities announced that the aureate undertaking is complete it was the 5th longest main road in the universe. The undertaking was completed in Rs 32000 crores and was under budget as the authorities had estimated that the undertaking cost would be Rs 60000 crore ( at 1999 monetary values ) . The undertaking was besides a first of its sort when it was completed before agenda which is new for a undertaking of this graduated table. The authorities was really dedicated to finish the undertaking and because of this allowed 100 % FDI in the sector. This was one of the earliest sectors where 100 % FDI was allowed. However, recognizing that it would still non be able to bring forth adequate funding for the undertaking assorted funding theoretical accounts was adopted. Cess on gasoline and Diesel along with external and market adoptions were adopted to raise capital for the undertaking. Private partnership was introduced to raise finance and joint ventures with international contractors were made.Financing of Highway ProjectsHistory Until the creative activity of National Highway Authority of India ( NHAI ) , roads were treated as public goods. The funding for developing and keep these roads came chiefly from revenue enhancements. There was no or really small connexion between cost of developing the roads and the income from the revenue enhancements. There was really small effort at direct route pricing. The Problems Limited Support: Highway development requires big investings but the authorities was already under big financial shortage. Inefficiencies: There were big inefficiencies that led to project over tallies thereby intensifying the undertaking budgets exponentially. Hazard: With full development with authorities, all hazard was concentrated at one point. This strained the funding capableness of the Creation of NHAI NHAI started its operation in 1995, the major motive for an independent organic structure under authorities of India was to increase the rate at which national main roads were been developed. One of the major hinderances in increasing this gait was the limited capital available with the authorities. NHAI realized that to full make full its vision it has to look outside authorities for capital to develop its national main roads. The Financial Innovations To understand the fiscal inventions at NHAI, foremost we have to understand the assorted hazards associated with building of National main roads Pre-development: Environmental clearance, land acquisition and other such demands before the building of roads can be done. Delaies in acquiring clearances cause holds and dearly-won undertaking over tallies. Construction: Changes in designs, conditions and geological conditions, financess inaccessibility, incorrect planning of material handiness and unanticipated labor deficits may take to project over tallies Use: Less than expected route use, users unwillingness to pay higher toll rate, may significantly impact the grosss from the route. Foreign exchange rate: Fluctuations in exchange rate may take to important cost over tallies for abroad developer Act of God: Natural catastrophes like temblor, inundations may take to holds and rework. These will take to important cost impact on the undertaking. Political Hazards: Change of authorities, expiration of the undertaking, undue infliction of high revenue enhancements, may set considerable fiscal hazard on the undertaking. The assorted funding theoretical account implemented by NHAI are EPC ( Engineering procurance and building ) contract: The undertaking is wholly finance by the public financess ( E.g. World bank/ADB ) . Except for building hazard all hazards are borne by NHAI. The advantages that NHAI has achieved through this manner are rapid execution of undertakings, improved quality of roads, foreign investings organize big multinationals. The inefficiencies involved in development of big substructure undertakings like national main roads have been minimized. Foreign multinationals have set up joint ventures with Indian companies driving up inventions and successful execution of undertakings Annuity Contract: Financing of undertaking is done from the contracted rente. Undertaking is financed through these rente receivables. But the fiscal hazard is borne by NHAI. Here NHAI is responsible merely for financing the undertakings. Advantage for NHAI in this manner of funding is that, it has to pay the contractor every twelvemonth specific sum to construct the route. BOT contract: Build operate and transportation as the name suggest, the company to wins the contract has to construct the roads, maintain it and bring forth grosss so as to acquire back all the money invested and so reassign the main road back to authorities after specific period of clip. These contracts are project fundss, with all the capital coming from the private participants. A particular purpose company is created and all the hazard except for political hazard is borne by it. EPC and Annuity presently dominate majority of the undertakings. Therefore most of the hazard is still with NHAI. For undertaking funding as in instance of BOT contract, the certainty of use of main roads and thereby the toll aggregation is really less. This puts a batch of hazard on the investor and hence really few BOT contracts have been materialized. Is Securitization the solution? National main roads have long gestation periods, with hard currency flows coming really tardily in the entire undertaking continuance. This puts considerable fiscal hazards on the private company to take is such undertakings. To minimise this hazard securitization mechanism can be put in topographic point. Securitization is a manner of finance in which assorted hard currency flows are pooled together and sold to particular purpose vehicle created to implement this undertaking. SPV so issues debt securities which are backed by the hard currency flows. Is the feasible solution to hike main road development in India, should NHAI implement this theoretical account?ChallengesLand Acquisition Act, 1984 When railroad web was being expanded in India in the nineteenth century the British Government so swayers of India faced jobs related to the private land acquisitions. They so enacted and passed the jurisprudence whose first ordinance was passed every bit early as 1824. India adopted the jurisprudence in 1947 to chiefly take attention of land acquisition for public usage. However this was merely a land acquisition jurisprudence and did non had commissariats for rehabilitation. Presently the authorities has to cover with this act along with 16 other Acts of the Apostless for commanding private land acquisitions by the authorities and its organic structures. Harmonizing to the jurisprudence the land has to be valued at monetary values on the day of the month of presentment and the compensation has to be paid consequently. However, this had led to broad spread unfavorable judgment and protests from land proprietors. The authorities has been dragged into a figure of differences refering to set down acquisitions. Presently over 80 NHDP undertakings are acquiring delayed due to differences in land acquisition. It is argued by a subdivision of society that the regulations under the act are Draconian. The compensation paid by the land acquisition officer to the land proprietors is besides less than the market value due to money being siphoned off at many phases due to corrupt functionaries. There are charges that the land is under evaluated by the functionaries and when the compensation is being paid at below market monetary values to the land proprietors there is non much public-service corporation for them. Besides, non much attention is tak en about rehabilitation of the people who are displaced by the undertakings. The authorities had appointed commission to see into all these issues and to come up with new recommendations to better the act. The authorities is be aftering to postpone a new jurisprudence in the parliament nevertheless the bill of exchange has led to fresh concerns by the industries and societal militants likewise. The new jurisprudence will do cost of land acquisitions up to four times the market rate in rural countries and twice the market rate in urban countries. Still the societal militants argue it to be pro-market and one which will increase land differences. The investors and houses argue it to be one which will do investings in undertakings dearly-won. President of Confederation of Indian Industries ( CII ) Adi Godrej said after reading the commission ââ¬Ës recommendations ââ¬Å" Rather than turn toing concerns of the industry over the commissariats of compensation and consent required for land acquisition, the recommendations of the commission do non look to be takin g into history the demand of the industry, thereby, go forthing it to fend for itself, â⬠Coordination among ministries In India acquiring blessings for substructure undertakings requires a close coordination between assorted cardinal, province and local municipal degrees. It involves coordination amongst all these parties and leads to detain in acquiring undertaking approved. This finally makes the fiscal viability of the undertaking questionable. ( Wang et al, 2000 ) . Despite authorities confidence of a individual window and fast clearance of substructure undertaking they are still acquiring delayed due clearances involved. Change of authorities and its precedences The undertaking was envisioned during the government of NDA in 1999. However, when the elections were held in 2004 UPA ( United Progressive Alliance ) came in to power and has been in power for the last 8 old ages. There focal point has shifted to other public assistance strategies like MGNREGA ( Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act ) , farm loan release among others. This has shifted the precedences of the authorities to raise fundss for its public assistance strategies and non the NHDP undertakings. Subsequently, the undertakings have been running on holds and many undertakings have delayed because the contracts have still non been handed over.RoadmapGiven the challenges being faced will the authorities now take steps to convey in fresh reforms in the sector so that the marks of NHDP are met? This might affect taking in some tough steps which might be opposed by subdivisions of society. However, will a better sense prevail and a greater good of the society, GDP gr owing ends be achieved. ernestfuller197http://www.blogger.com/profile/01905942311381912065noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-129135799015058928.post-74951752263317172222020-01-08T07:35:00.001-08:002020-01-08T07:35:02.824-08:00Raphael A Chronology of the Renaissance Painters Life ernestfuller197http://www.blogger.com/profile/01905942311381912065noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-129135799015058928.post-50319677142103172352019-12-31T04:00:00.001-08:002019-12-31T04:00:04.978-08:00Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams Essay Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams Tennessee Williams, an American playwright, has been known as the most prominent American southern dramatist. He won his first Pulitzer Prize with Streetcar Named Desire. In this play, Williams shows the need for belief in human value against the natural realistic world. He uses symbols to develop the characters and theme of illusion verses reality within Streetcar Named Desire. The two main characters are Blanche DuBois, an aristocrat southern belle, and Stanley Kowalski the gaudy seed-bearer. Blanche lives in the superficial world she has made for herself while Stanley lives in the harsh realistic world. The confrontation between Blanche and Stanley is shown throughoutâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦If one investigates Blanches past one can truly understand what this quotation symbolizes. Blanche left her home to join her sister, because her life was a miserable wreck in her former place of residence. She admits, at one point in the story, that after the death of Allen (her husband) intimacies with strangers was all I seemed able to fill my empty heart with(Williams 118). She had sexual relations with anyone who would agree to it. This is the first step in her voyage - Desire. She said that she was forced into this situation because death was immanent and The opposite (of death) is desire(Williams 120). She escaped death in her use of desire. However, she could not escape death for long. She was a teacher at a high school, and at one point she had intimacies with a seventeen-year-old student. The issue was not concealed for long. The revilement of this caused her to be fired and destroyed her image. She was basically banned from Laurel and sent on her next journey - Cemeteries. Her final destination was Elysian Fields. Elysian Fields are the mythical resting-places of the gods. This is the place of the living dead. Blanche came to Elysian Fields to forget her horrible past, searching in her soul to have a fresh start in life. Blanche has essentially removed herself from the reality of her life. She has made up this illusionary world that she now lives in. The death of herShow MoreRelatedA Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams1109 Words à |à 5 Pagesââ¬Å"A Streetcar Named Desireâ⬠is a play written by Tennessee Williams. Williams was born in Columbus, Mississippi but with a different name. He changed his name from Thomas Lanier Williams to what the readers know today as Tennessee Williams. (Forman). Williams is widely known for his plays, short stories, and poems across the world. He has won many awards for his work such as The New York Criticsââ¬â¢ Circle Award and 2 Pulitzer awards. The play ââ¬Å"A Streetcar Named Desire he won his first Pulitzer PrizeRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams1442 Words à |à 6 PagesThroughout Tennessee Williamsââ¬â¢s play, ââ¬Å"A Streetcar Named Desireâ⬠one can learn a large portion about his personal life. In the play the charac ter, Blanche has a mental illness the same as his sister Rose had in her lifetime. Blancheââ¬â¢s ex-husband was also homosexual and he made the point to say that he left her for a man and Williams himself was also a homosexual. Tennessee chose for the story to be based in New Orleans, which was a crumbling town at the time and Williams was living a crumbling lifeRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams928 Words à |à 4 PagesAnalysis Paper: A Streetcar Named Desire For my analysis paper, I have chosen the full-length play by Tennessee Williams, A Streetcar Named Desire. The drama containing several forms of realism was released in December of 1947 and stayed open on Broadway for two years until December of 1949. The play in set in New Orleans, Louisiana in a simi-poor area, but has a certain amount of charm that goes along with it. Williams creates a vast web of emotional conflicts thought all the characters, whichRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire, By Tennessee Williams1629 Words à |à 7 PagesA Streetcar Named Desire, written by Tennessee Williams, was first performed on December 3rd, 1947. Chronicling the actions and events that take place when two sisters are reunited, A Streetcar Named Desire is regarded as one of Tennessee Williamââ¬â¢s most successful plays. Likewise, ââ¬Å"Blank Spaceâ⬠, written and performed by Taylor Swift, was first performed November 23rd, during the 2014 American Music Awards. ââ¬Å"Blank Spaceâ⬠s pent 22 weeks in the top 40 charts and is featured on the best selling albumRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams Essay1226 Words à |à 5 PagesA Streetcar Named Desire In the summer of post World War II in New Orleans, Louisiana lives hard working, hardheaded Stanley and twenty-five year old pregnant, timid Stella Kowalski in a charming two-bedroom apartment on Elysian Fields. Stellaââ¬â¢s older sister Blanche Dubois appears in the first scene unexpectedly from Laurel, Mississippi carrying everything she owns. In Tennessee Williamsââ¬â¢ A Streetcar Named Desire, despite Blancheââ¬â¢s desire to start fresh in New Orleans, her snobbish nature, inabilityRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams672 Words à |à 3 Pagesof the eraââ¬âis Tennessee Williamsââ¬â¢ A Streetcar Named Desire, a tale of one womanââ¬â¢s destruction due to Southern societyââ¬â¢s changing moral values. The destruction of the Old Southern society around the main character, Blanche DuBois, causes her to go insane and she cannot stand the low morals that the New South is carrying in its baggage. Because of his Southern roots, Tennessee Williamsââ¬â¢ past is able to shine through his work. Born to a drunken shoe maker and a Southern belle, Williams was supportedRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams1054 Words à |à 5 Pagescalled ââ¬Å"A Streetcar Named Desireâ⬠, there are numerous amounts of tragic events that not only affected the person in the event, but others around them as well. A tragedy, or tragic event, is known to bring chaos, destruction, distress, and even discomfort such as a natural disaster or a serious accident. A tragedy in a story can also highlight the downfall of the main character, or sometimes one of the more important character. In this book, ââ¬Å"A Streetcar Named Desireâ⬠, written by Tennessee Williams, heRead MoreTennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire929 Words à |à 4 PagesThe ââ¬Å"Desireââ¬â¢sâ⬠Breakdown Tennessee Williamsââ¬â¢ A Streetcar Named Desire is a web of themes, complicated scenarios, and clashes between the characters. Therefore, it mightââ¬â¢ve been somehow difficult to find out who the protagonist of this play is if it wasnââ¬â¢t for Aristotleââ¬â¢s ideas of a good tragedy because neither of the main characters, Stanley Kowalski and Blanche Dubois, is completely good nor bad. According to Aristotleââ¬â¢s Poetics, a good tragedy requires the protagonist to undergo a change of statusRead MoreTennessee Williams A Streetcar Named Desire964 Words à |à 4 PagesLike many people in the world, the characters in Tennessee Williamââ¬â¢s play, A Streetcar Named Desire, are troubled by anxiety and insecurities. Life in New Orleans during the 1940s was characterized by the incredible variety of music, lively and bright atmosphere, and diverse population, while in the midst of the ongoing World War II. Culture was rich and fruitful because the city developed into a ââ¬Å"melting potâ⬠of people from all over the world. Due to the wide-range in population, the people ofRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire By Tennessee Williams1263 Words à |à 6 Pagesgrowth in the suffrage movement in England and the United States, with women struggling to attain political equality. However, this was not to last however, and by the fifties men had reassumed their more dominant role in society. Tennessee Williams wrote A Streetcar Named Desire around the time this reversal was occurring in American society. In this play male dominance is clear. Women are represented as delicate, reserved, and silent, confined to a domestic world that isolated them from the harsh realities ernestfuller197http://www.blogger.com/profile/01905942311381912065noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-129135799015058928.post-32664076196328002102019-12-22T23:47:00.001-08:002019-12-22T23:47:03.973-08:00Emotional Intelligence And Effective Business Communication Although I am not a management major or a minor here at Bentley University, when picking classes, Interpersonal Relations seemed like a good use of an elective course. Originally going into the course I had some knowledge of emotional intelligence and effective business communication. Nonetheless, I knew my personal communication skills were on a less adequate level than they should be, and thought a course would help me understand myself and others better. Now that I have spent the semester learning and analyzing these skills, I feel I have accomplished my goals on learning more about interpersonal relations on a deeper level. I never knew what a self concept was until I took the course and analyzed how I view others and myself. Upon further insight, I realized based on my assumptions and perceptions I have a darker view on the world, so that tends to leave me with a darker view on myself. However, when I took a common emotional intelligence test called Myers-Briggs, I was claimed to be a introverted, intuitive, thinking, and perceptive person. This means I am a reserved person who has sharp interests but has theoretical thinking and many ideas. However, I did also learn in another assessment that I can notice othersââ¬â¢ emotions on well and allows me to have a fairly well social interaction, when given the chance. Therefore, most relationships I have take time to build up into effective ones. I try not to be a difficult person, but we all have flaws and sometimes I can beShow MoreRelatedEmotional Intelligence And Effective Leadership1107 Words à |à 5 PagesEmotional Intelligence and Effective Lead ership Emotional intelligence is defined as the ability to manage oneââ¬â¢s emotions in an intelligent manner such that they do not affect the decision-making process. It is also the ability to understand other people emotions, to know the reason for their behaviors and thus be able to communicate with them (Mayer, 2006). Emotional intelligence involves oneââ¬â¢s proficiency in realizing and then being able to behaviors, moods and impulses and thus managingRead MorePersonal Statement On Emotional Intelligence1593 Words à |à 7 Pages Emotional Intelligence Tanveer Vora 1610793 University Canada West Professor: Dr. Michele Vincenti MGMT601 Leadership in the Global Context 16th January 2017 Abstract The paper discusses about the emotional intelligence, which has various factors. The factors are self awareness, motivation, self regulation, social skills and empathy. In case of effective leadership, these factors plays major role. However, emotional intelligence is teachable to improve the personal skills and personality.Read MoreEmotional Intelligence And Interpersonal Intelligence1478 Words à |à 6 Pagessituations regarding emotional intelligence. More specifically, the emotional intelligence faced between the employee and employer relationship. Emotional intelligence can be best defined as the ability to control and express one s emotions in a professional manner. In other words, emotional intelligence is the ability to communicate one s emotions in a manner that is both professional and productive. From this definition we can begin to make connections as to how emotional intelligence could cause problemsRead MoreDiversity Issues Paper1016 Words à |à 5 PagesDiversity Iss ues Diversity Issues Organizations who make a commitment to diversity can see a significant impact on business in many ways. Diversity ââ¬Å"requires a significant commitment for change to occurâ⬠(Delong, 2007, p.9). It is extremely important that leaders understand the commitment and embrace it in order for a positive impact to occur. Employers with diverse cultures and leaders can build positive and successful relationships with customers, suppliers and vendors. They can better attractRead MoreOrganizational and Professional Development1519 Words à |à 6 PagesIntroduction Social intelligence has been defined as the ability to understand and manage other people, and to engage in adaptive social interactions like making them to get along with you. Social intelligence entails a persons awareness to a situation and the social dynamics that accompany the situation and the knowledge of the strategies and interaction style, that, he/she can use to achieve the desired objective while dealing with others (Bob, 2008). Social intelligence has gained popularityRead MoreFive Components of Emotional Intelligence1577 Words à |à 6 Pagesknow that I had talked to the people running the contest and informed them of the situation. I think that a person with high emotional intelligence would have handled the situation as I did. A person with medium emotional intelligence would have probably done all of the same things but in more of a (ââ¬Å"in your faceâ⬠) confrontational way. A person with low emotional intelligence would have probably just confronted the person doing the plagiarizing in a violent and confrontational way. We probably allRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Effective Leadership1426 Words à |à 6 Pages Assignment 1: Emotional Intelligence and Effective Leadership Vigilkumar C. Patel BUS520: LEADERSHIP AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR Dr. Eartha Eve Barnett October 29th 2015 ââ¬Å"Emotional Intelligence and Effective Leadershipâ⬠, one of the most important constructs in leadership today is the concept and application of emotional intelligence (EI). Emotional Intelligence (EQ or EI) is a term created by two researchers named Peter Salavoy and John Mayer who developed it as a psychological theoryRead MorePersonality Components And The Smart Goal System913 Words à |à 4 Pagesimportant things I have learned so far are: using emotional intelligence; how to conceptually think; the personality components; and the SMART goal system. Emotional intelligence is the skill of identifying and managing your emotions and the emotions of others (Psychology Today, 2016). There are five components of emotional intelligence, which is key in interviewing. The components are the ability to manage stress; manage emotion; manage communication; manage relationships; and manage conflict. ââ¬Å"ThereRead MoreEmotional Intelligence And Effective Leadership768 Words à |à 4 PagesEmotional Intelligence and Effective Leadership Candice Burnett Professor Judy Smith Mannings BUS520: Leadership and Organizational Behavior 10/31/2015 ââ¬Æ' Abstract Emotions are a quality that each individual possess. Organizations place leaders in place that have an understanding on how to maintain emotions while in upper positions. Leadership is responsible for the emotional standard that is set throughout the organization. Growth and development leads to the success of handling proper emotionalRead MoreThe Importance of Emotional Intelligence in Leadership Communication1122 Words à |à 4 Pageswhich requires the coordinated cooperation of people working in teams, including corporate offices, political parties and emergency rooms, strong and definitive leadership is essential to assure that goals and objectives are pursued and met. Without effective leadership, whether from an office manager, a campaign strategist or a registered nurse, teams of people holding varying positions within any organizational structure will invariably succumb to inefficiency and inefficacy. Renowned research psychologist ernestfuller197http://www.blogger.com/profile/01905942311381912065noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-129135799015058928.post-32383097980569461222019-12-14T20:16:00.001-08:002019-12-14T20:16:03.114-08:00Mice of Men Free Essays Steinbeck uses different techniques to build up tension and atmosphere in the fight scene of ââ¬ËOf Mice And Menââ¬â¢. These methods include powerful images, vivid choice of words and speed of events. Personally, I think the most effective method is the contrast between Lennieââ¬â¢s gentleness and power. We will write a custom essay sample on Mice of Men or any similar topic only for you Order Now I think Steinbeck achieves the full potential effect with this technique, and it really adds to the images in the readers mind. John Steinbeck uses violence in speech to build up tension. Curley says ââ¬Å"Come on ya big bastard. Get on your feet. No big son-of-a-bitch is gonna laugh at me. Iââ¬â¢ll show you whoââ¬â¢s yellaâ⬠. This quotation shows the obscene language used in the fight scene, and how it builds up atmosphere. Curley speaks in an aggressive manner and this dialogue shows he was acting threateningly towards Lennie. Not only does the obscene language suggest his fury, it also acts as evidentiary support for how uneducated the ranch workers were. This is also backed up by the fact that the boss doesnââ¬â¢t swear, suggesting he is slightly more intelligent than his employees, hence his authority. Curley is described as ââ¬Ëhandyââ¬â¢ earlier in the text, meaning he is a good fighter. He also tends to attack an easy target. Lennie is extremely vulnerable, despite his size. Therefore, Curley would be significantly improving his reputation by fighting Lennie, because people would be unaware of his vulnerability and just notice his appearance. The violence in speech is a very effective technique. How to cite Mice of Men, Papers ernestfuller197http://www.blogger.com/profile/01905942311381912065noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-129135799015058928.post-27576755723592882012019-12-06T16:39:00.001-08:002019-12-06T16:39:04.098-08:00Effects of broken family to students free essay sample Global warming has affected lives all around the world. Experts and their studies reveal the fact that the effects of global warming will continue to get worse than it was expected before. The IPCC or the Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change has produced recent reports on the causes and effects of the global warming in different regions of the world. While every region have already suffered the mounting risk of the phenomenon, the effects of global warming on polar region is vast and hazardous. The continuous depletion of the ozone layer and pollution in the polar region has caused major repercussions in recent years. Some of the hazardous effects of global warming that we are bound to encounter in the recent future are as follows: In the polar region, the major effects of global warming will be the biophysical factors and the related occurrences like thinning of the ice and the reductions of the extent of glaciers. Although global warming has already been felt in the recent years, things will be grim in future. There can be a vast change in the natural ecosystem that will again have detrimental effects on the animals, organisms, birds and other living beings in the region. Some of the other impacts of the global warming include shrinking level of the permafrost, increase in coastal erosion and most importantly increase of the seasonal thawing of the permafrost. Both in Arctic and Antarctic region animals are becoming more endangered due to their shrinking natural habitat, melting ice and pollution. The typical ecosystems of these regions are getting altered due to the effects of global warming and thus animals are constantly facing a vulnerable climatic change. People living in the Arctic Circle are also facing constant threat of the global warming. The altered snow and ice conditions of this region have already affected the traditional lifestyles of the inhabitants. Recent studies on global warming have proved that the Arctic Circle is warming faster than any other region of the world. The Circle is warming twice as fast as the rest of the world and the temperature has increased up to 3 degrees Celsius. We can now witness the shrinking of polar bear habitat and constant melting of ice. Seals and walruses are also becoming almost endangered and extinct due to the effects of global warming. While we are all aware of this clear and present danger of global warming, we can always contribute in making this world a better place. Some of the major beneficial impacts that can have a positive effect on the global warming is increased navigable sea routes in the northern hemisphere and reduced heating costs. The inhabitants of the North Pole are already acquiring newer ways of life according to the climatic change. But the internal as well as the external stressors are constantly challenging their indigenous and traditional lifestyle. This requires constant support and substantial funding from the rest of the world. This will help them to relocate and adapt to new ways of life. Solutions to Global Warming for the Polar Regions Progress at the international level toward a binding agreement to reduce global warming emissions is critical to ensuring the future stability of the polar regions. The Arctic (North Pole) has shown the most rapid rate of warming, with dramatic effects such as shrinking of this regions glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, and permafrost. The loss of permafrost is of particular concernââ¬âwhen permafrost melts, it releases carbon stored in the soils, and when boreal forests and peat bogs burn, they release carbon stored in the trees and peat. Unfortunately, all of these impacts are due to the combined effect of global warming emissions from other regions. In the Antarctic (South Pole), rapid change is evident on the Antarctic Peninsulaââ¬âsoutheast of Argentina and Chile. Changes at the poles have both local and global implications. The retreat of glaciers and shrinking of the Greenland ice sheet in the Arctic, for example, is predicted to cause significant sea-level rise, changes in the salinity of our oceans, and altered feedback loops that will make the Arctic warm up even faster. Organizations like the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the International Arctic Science Committee play a critical role in advancing the science related to polar areas. The effects ofclimate change are not the same in all parts of the world. While Earthââ¬â¢s average temperature has risen 0. 6à °C (1.0à °F) during the 20th century, some areas of our planet are warming faster than others. The Arctic is warming twice as fast as other parts of the world. In Alaska (USA) average temperatures have increased 3. 0à °C (5. 4à °F) between 1970 and 2000. The warmer temperatures have caused other changes in the Arctic region such as melting ice and shrinking polar bear habitat. In the opposite hemisphere, the Antarctic Peninsula has also warmed rapidly, five times faster than the global average. Meanwhile, temperatures of the interior of the Antarctic continent have remained stable or have cooled, which may be related to ozone depletion. Since 1945, the Antarctic Peninsula has warmed about 4. 5à °F (2. 5à °C). The Southern Ocean is also warming faster than expected. Why are the polar regions particularly vulnerable to global warming? The ice and snow in the polar regions, because of its light color and high albedo, reflect most incoming solar energy back out to space. However, as more greenhouse gases cause our planet to warm, some of this ice and snow melts, less of the solar radiation is reflected out to space, and more of it isabsorbed by the Earthââ¬â¢s surface and oceans. The added energy warms the polar regions, causes more ice to melt and more warming. As the atmosphere of polar regions becomes warmer, this impacts the land, cryosphere, ocean circulation, and living things in these regions. Click the links below to discover more about the effects of global warming in the Arctic and Antarctic. ââ¬Å"Brokenâ⬠Homes: The Effect of Divorce on Children Going through a divorce is a very difficult situation to be in. Usually it is what is happening between the parents, that concerns most people. However hurtful divorce is on the couple that is going through it, the children end up with the greatest amount of problems. These problems that the children develop are not always obvious, and do no always come to the surface right away. ââ¬Å"Most often the children responded to the announcement [of the divorce] with apprehensiveness or anger Several children panicked . . . finally, a great many of the younger children, about one-third of the entire group, didnââ¬â¢t really believe what they had been told. For these youngsters, the single announcement by the parents made it easier for them to pretend that the divorce would soon go away and to postpone their own response to the frightening changes in their livesâ⬠(Wallerstein 40-41). Children often try to stop the divorce of their parents, but there are many who seem to accept it at first. These who seem to accept it may even tell their parents that they are happy about the divorce. This is not necessarily the case, as one would see if he or she spoke with the child for a while. There are many things that divorce does to a family, and there are many things that is does to the child. These effects are rarely positive, or helpful depending upon the familyââ¬â¢s prior situation. Divorce has many negative effects on the psychological, and social aspects of a childââ¬â¢s life. There are many psychological aspects of a childââ¬â¢s life that change when his or her parents go through a divorce. As previously mentioned by the writer, a child may not show initially how he or she feels about the divorce, but the true feelings of that child eventually surface. Joan B. Kelly, in an article for the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry says, ââ¬Å"children incorporate repertoires of angry, impulsive, and violent behavior into their own behavior as a result of observing their parentsââ¬â¢ responses to frustration and rageâ⬠(4). This is something that many children that witness the divorce of their parents go through. The child naturally looks to his or her parent or parents for the example of how to handle certain situations and emotions. During a divorce there is much anger and aggression that is expressed by one or both parents of that child. This is not healthy for the child to witness for several reasons. One of the main reasons is that the child sees this example of aggression that his or her parents are setting, and he or she begins to react in the same manner. Anger and aggression tend to become the childââ¬â¢s tools for solving his or her problems. The child becomes like the parents and could cause harm to others because of not knowing or understanding how to control these feelings. He or she may often violently lash out at those around him or her that cause these feelings to occur. ââ¬Å"The severity of fighting has been documented in many studies to have a central role. High-intensity fighting is associated with more insecure attachments and anxiety in infants and toddlers. In older children and adolescents, severity of conflict had the largest and most consistent impact on childrenââ¬â¢s adjustment, with intense conflict leading to more externalizing (disobedience, aggression, delingquency0 and internalizing (depression, anxiety, poor self-esteem) symptoms in both boys and girls, compared with children experiencing low-intensity conflictâ⬠(3). This leads to the next psychological effect that divorce has on children. Depression is a major effect that divorce has on children. This is not necessarily something that occurs during the divorce, but has major effects on the later life of the child. ââ¬Å"A high level of marital conflict experienced during childhood has been linked to more depression and other psychological disorders in young adults, compared with those reporting lower levels of family conflict during childhoodâ⬠(Kelly 3). Lora Heims Tessman, author of Children of Parting Parents says, ââ¬Å"most of the adolescents were overly depressed . . . many had conscious suicidal thoughts . . . a minority showed increased acting out with self-destructive components, but without anxious depressionâ⬠(327). These are common psychological effects of divorce on children. There are also many social effects that divorce has on children. The child often feels unconnected to his or her peers. He or she feels ââ¬Å"unable to make or maintain friendships and complained about being ââ¬Ëunconnectedââ¬â¢ to [his or her] peersâ⬠(Tessman 327). Also contributing to feeling unconnected to their peers is that ââ¬Å"in numerous studies over the past three decades, divorced children have been reported to be more aggressive and impulsive and to engage in more antisocial behaviors, compared with matched samples of never-divorced childrenâ⬠(Kelly 6). The divorce that these children experience causes them to act and react in ways that are not considered socially acceptable, and distancing themselves from their peers. ââ¬Å"Diagnostically, the adolescents varied greatly, but did share a number of clinical features. The great majority had either lost a previous enjoyment or learning or were, increasingly, cutting and failing classesâ⬠(Tessman 327). The children of these divorced families have become so mixed up that they do not know who they are any longer. Things that they once loved or enjoyed, things that they were once interested in no longer matter to them. Going along with socially unacceptable behaviors Kelly says that, ââ¬Å"Divorced children are more likely to use alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana than are never-divorced children . They are twice as likely to give birth to a child as a teenager compared with never-divorced childrenâ⬠(7). The children that have suffered through the divorce of their parents tend to rebel against society and the law. This is shown through the higher drug, alcohol, and pregnancy rates of children who come from ââ¬Å"brokenâ⬠homes. ââ¬Å"In many cases in this group, one of the parentââ¬â¢s presenting complaints about the referred adolescent who was ââ¬Ëlying,ââ¬â¢ ââ¬Ëplaying the truth,ââ¬â¢ ââ¬Ëuntrustworthiness,ââ¬â¢ ââ¬Ëdeviousnessââ¬â¢ etcâ⬠(Tessman 327). The reliability of the childââ¬â¢s word comes into question due to the childââ¬â¢s rebellious ways. He or she might sneak thing behind his or her parentsââ¬â¢ backs in order to commit the acts that they are choosing to commit. ââ¬Å"Young adults whose parents divorced during childhood, compared with never-divorced children, have more pregnancies outside of marriage, and earlier marriages (a risk factor for later divorce), poorer marital relationships, increased propensity to divorce, and poorer socioeconomic attainmentâ⬠(8). The divorce itself has impacted the way that young adults view their relationships. They remember how their parents handled situations or they remember the pain of that situation and it carries over into their relationships that they will have throughout their lives. To conclude, divorce has many negative effects on the children that live through them. ââ¬Å"Brokenâ⬠homes are a tough situation to deal with, that children across the United States of America attempt to handle in very similar ways. Their reactions to the divorce itself are similar in many ways; it affects both the psychological and social aspects of their lives. involved Emotional After a divorce, children from pre-school through late adolescence can experience deficits in emotional development. Children of all ages may seem tearful or depressed, which is a state that can last several years after a childââ¬â¢s parentsââ¬â¢ have separated, explains psychologist Lori Rappaport. Additionally, some older children may show very little emotional reaction to their parentsââ¬â¢ divorce. Rappaport explains that this may not be developmentally beneficial. Some children who show little emotional response are actually bottling up their negative feelings. This emotional suppression makes it difficult for parents, teachers and therapists to help the child process her feelings in developmentally appropriate ways. Educational Slowed academic development is another common way that divorce affects children. The emotional stress of a divorce alone can be enough to stunt your childââ¬â¢s academic progress, but the lifestyle changes and instability of a broken family can contribute to poor educational outcomes. This poor academic progress can stem from a number of factors, including instability in the home environment, inadequate financial resources and inconsistent routines. Social Divorce affects childrenââ¬â¢s social relationships for several ways. First, some children act out their distress about their broken family by acting aggressive and by engaging in bullying behavior, both of which can negatively affect peer relationships. Other children may experience anxiety, which can make it difficult for them to seek positive social interactions and engage in developmentally beneficial activities such as teen sports. Teens from broken families might develop a cynical attitude toward relationships and harbor feelings of mistrust, both toward their parents and potential romantic partners, explains psychologist Carl Pickhardt in the article, Parental Divorce and adolescents published in Psychology Today. Family Dynamics By its very nature, divorce, changes not only the structure of the family but also its dynamics. Even if you and your spouse have an amicable divorce, simply creating two new households permanently alters family interactions and roles. Based on the new living arrangements, your children may need to perform more chores and assume additional roles in the new households basic functioning. Additionally, in some broken families, older children may take on a parental-type role when interacting with younger siblings because of their parentsââ¬â¢ work schedules or inability to be present in the way that the parents were before the divorce Time After Time ernestfuller197http://www.blogger.com/profile/01905942311381912065noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-129135799015058928.post-89395392851205395162019-11-29T05:00:00.001-08:002019-11-29T05:00:07.109-08:00Summary of Evermore by Alyson Noel free essay sample Journey Analysis Summary In the book Evermore by Alyson Noel the Journey being taken is mostly emotional, but also physical and mental. The character taking this Journey In the book is a sixteen year old girl named Ever Bloom. This book being the first In a series of six books, called the Immortals, this is only the beginning of her Journey. The book begins with Ever at lunch with Haven, blocking out her surroundings with her pod all the way up and hood up. Now the truth is, Veers Journey begins a bit before that, when she still had her family with her. Ever was the only one to survive a car accident that took the lives of err mom, dad, little sister. And their dog. After the accident Ever goes to live with her aunt Sabine and is left with psychic abilities which she sees as a punishment. She is able to hear thoughts, get life stories by touch, see auras, and see her dead sister which is why she blocks things out. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of Evermore by Alyson Noel or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She blames herself for her familys death throughout the book until the end when she learns the truth. This is the emotional part of her journey and her primary Journey as well. Her physical and mental Journeys are also some to the conflicts she faced that take place toward the end of the book. Her mental Journey takes place when she discovers that alcohol cloaks her psychic abilities which leaves her feeling normal. Or at least as normal as she could be with alcohol In her system. She starts thinking she has to keep drinking to keep her abilities away, so much so, she gets suspended from school because of It. Now her physical Journey takes place when she ends up in a fight with an immortal named Drain. Drain, being immortal, heals fast and is also a lot stronger than Ever. But Ever still fights her, getting thrown around and hurt quite a bit. In the end, she hits Drain in her weakest spot. Which kills her. Ever discovers that Drain was the one who caused the car accident that claimed the lives of her family. She also realizes that she was being selfish by wanting her sister to stay with her she was also keeping her from crossing over and being with the rest of their family. She learns about these people called immortals which can live for eternity, although they all have a different weak spot that If hit in Just the right way will kill them. She figures out that she is in love with Admen who is her guide through out the book. Over the few months of her Journey Veers emotional, physical, and mental states change. Her mental state changes because she stops depending on alcohol and visits from her dead little sister. Her physical state changes at the very end when she decides to become Immortal. Her emotional state changes because she stops believing that she was the cause of her familys death. Veers emotional state also changes because Admen is so mysterious to her throughout this book, they finally decide they should be together at the very end. Summary of Evermore by Alyson Noel By S_Developer emotional, but also physical and mental. The character taking this Journey in the book is a sixteen year old girl named Ever Bloom. This book being the first in a series of six books, called the immortals, this is only the beginning of her Journey. The book begins with Ever at lunch with Haven, blocking out her surroundings with her pod all her mom, dad, little sister, and their dog. After the accident Ever goes to live with her part of her Journey and her primary Journey as well. Her physical and mental Journeys are also some of the conflicts she faced that discovers that alcohol cloaks her psychic abilities which leaves her feeling normal. Or at least as normal as she could be with alcohol in her system. She starts thinking she school because of it. Now her physical Journey takes place when she ends up in a fight with an immortal named Drain. Drain, being immortal, heals fast and is also a lot bit. In the end, she hits Drain in her weakest spot, which kills her. Live for eternity, although they all have a different weak spot that if hit in Just the right way will kill them. She figures out that she is in love with Admen who is her Over the few months of her Journey Veers emotional, physical, and mental states decides to become immortal. Her emotional state changes because she stops ernestfuller197http://www.blogger.com/profile/01905942311381912065noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-129135799015058928.post-53575683104065465512019-11-25T12:34:00.001-08:002019-11-25T12:34:03.193-08:00Free Essays on Orwell ElephantIn George Orwell's short story Shooting an Elephant, he writes about racial prejudice and injustice. Orwell, which is the authorââ¬â¢s pen name, (his real name is Eric Arthur Blair,) is a police officer in Moulmein, lower Burma and takes place during the rainy season. Orwell is as much a victim as the people he protects and secretly loves, but because of circumstances he cannot control, he actually becomes part of the vicious cycle he abhors. The author is, "for the Burmese and all against their oppressors, the British" and ââ¬Å"I hated it more bitterly than I can perhaps make clear.â⬠(1539) Orwell feels caught in the middle of this cultural struggle. He sympathizes with the oppressed people, secretly feeling that Imperialism is wrong, and yet he is treated poorly by the Burmese, since they perceive him as one of their oppressors. He comes to terms with the role he plays in this vicious cycle of oppression, as an Imperial servant, and the influence it has on him to shoot th e elephant. The Burmese people are treated as second-class citizens in their own country. They are oppressed, by the British Empire, which has invaded their land. Being a police officer, Orwell sees first hand the brutality prisoners experience, "huddling in the stinking cages of the lock-ups, the grey, cowed faces of the long-term convicts, the scared buttocks of the men who had been flogged with bamboos."(1539) but like so many Europeans he feels helpless to do anything about the atrocities he witnesses. Orwell is not forced to acknowledge these atrocities until he is put into the position to shoot an elephant. After, the elephant kills a native, the Burmese people look for the elephant to be killed. While contemplating on whether to shoot the elephant or not, his motives become personal. The author views himself as a victim, much the same as the Burmese people he was protecting and becomes pressured into doing what he did not want to do.... Free Essays on Orwell Elephant Free Essays on Orwell Elephant In George Orwell's short story Shooting an Elephant, he writes about racial prejudice and injustice. Orwell, which is the authorââ¬â¢s pen name, (his real name is Eric Arthur Blair,) is a police officer in Moulmein, lower Burma and takes place during the rainy season. Orwell is as much a victim as the people he protects and secretly loves, but because of circumstances he cannot control, he actually becomes part of the vicious cycle he abhors. The author is, "for the Burmese and all against their oppressors, the British" and ââ¬Å"I hated it more bitterly than I can perhaps make clear.â⬠(1539) Orwell feels caught in the middle of this cultural struggle. He sympathizes with the oppressed people, secretly feeling that Imperialism is wrong, and yet he is treated poorly by the Burmese, since they perceive him as one of their oppressors. He comes to terms with the role he plays in this vicious cycle of oppression, as an Imperial servant, and the influence it has on him to shoot th e elephant. The Burmese people are treated as second-class citizens in their own country. They are oppressed, by the British Empire, which has invaded their land. Being a police officer, Orwell sees first hand the brutality prisoners experience, "huddling in the stinking cages of the lock-ups, the grey, cowed faces of the long-term convicts, the scared buttocks of the men who had been flogged with bamboos."(1539) but like so many Europeans he feels helpless to do anything about the atrocities he witnesses. Orwell is not forced to acknowledge these atrocities until he is put into the position to shoot an elephant. After, the elephant kills a native, the Burmese people look for the elephant to be killed. While contemplating on whether to shoot the elephant or not, his motives become personal. The author views himself as a victim, much the same as the Burmese people he was protecting and becomes pressured into doing what he did not want to do.... ernestfuller197http://www.blogger.com/profile/01905942311381912065noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-129135799015058928.post-90450755409836586112019-11-21T19:58:00.001-08:002019-11-21T19:58:03.642-08:00A-Maze-Ing Laughter Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsA-Maze-Ing Laughter - Article Example The whole environment occupies approximately 20 square meters of land. However, the environment is well lit such that the iconic laughter sculptures are visible clearly even during the night. Although the sculptures are placed together, they are evenly distributed across the small area and each one of the sculptures faces a different direction. It is claimed that each of the sculptures weighs approximately 250 kilograms. Whereas some of the sculptures are fully clothed, others are half-naked. The primary idea of the sculptures is to represent reality through art. Although it is difficult to determine the exact reason why the figures are laughing, any person can have their own interpretation of the cause of such exaggerated laughter. Laughter can represent a wide variety of human feelings. Laughter can be ironic, skeptical, sarcastic, genuine, or simply, an expression of pure happiness. Laughter is a form of relief from issues affecting society. This manmade environment represents the realities of life through artwork. ... Most importantly, the site has already become a tourist attraction and soon enough, it will become a major attraction site attracting people from all over the world. This manmade environment holds dear to the people of Vancouver. Indeed, the artist, Yue Minjun, sold the sculptures at a price of 1.5 million dollars. Artistic director of the Biennale, Barrie Mowatt, agreed to give the A-Maze-ing Laughter manmade site to Parks Board for a period of 20 years without a lease fee. This shows the importance of the site to the people of Vancouver. However, the public was expected to show their commitment and desire to have the site retained in the present position by sending emails to the board. The A-Maze-ing Laughter campaign seems to be successful and presently, the site is in hopes of being retained. Potential donors to buy the sculptures have been found. However, they have reserved their offer until the site is fully secured so that the sculptures can have a permanent home (Griffin web) . The manmade site has a very significant relationship with the surrounding. Notably, A-Maze-ing Laughter manmade site is located in Vancouver in British Columbia, Canada. This is one of the most metropolitan areas in Canada with a very diverse population. The exaggerated laughter iconic sculptures are a tourist attraction site for the large population around the city. Additionally, the site is located within the town where it can easily be accessed. It is worth noting that the site compliments the busy lifestyle of the city.à ernestfuller197http://www.blogger.com/profile/01905942311381912065noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-129135799015058928.post-74368578670753326612019-11-20T16:53:00.001-08:002019-11-20T16:53:04.455-08:00African American history assessing the antebellum slavery EssayAfrican American history assessing the antebellum slavery - Essay Example The aristocrats were very wealthy and owned vast pieces of land which were developed by the slaves. One factor that had an effect on slave institution was need for labor to work in the white farms. Slave trade was viewed by slave masters as necessary evil because there was sparse population and therefore they needed labor to work in their farms. In order to get this labor they had to force the blacks to work in their farms. The effect of this on the slaves is that they were forced to leave their homes to go and provide the required labor. The greatest oppressor of antebellum slaves was lack of education. There were also limited opportunities to professionals. They were denied education because the masters wanted to ensure that accumulation of property was easy. Lack of education was also contributed to by the fact that the slaves no property that could help them subsidize for a good education. As per the nature of work done, slavery involved involuntary servitude. It involved securin g labor services by means of force and treating the slaves so acquired as property. Work was assigned according to oneââ¬â¢s physical capability where a dayââ¬â¢s hours of work ranged from 15-16 hours. Moreover work was not assigned according to sex differentiation. Therefore even pregnant women could find themselves doing hard tasks like hoeing. An accident of birth is what determined the status of the slaves. Human nature coupled with inequality in power is the greatest factor that influenced slavery. The slavery had negative effects on the slaves. Effect of the slave trade on slaves was that they were subjected to very little or no privacy at all. They were put in various concentration camps in very large numbers. As a result there was a lot of overcrowding such that there could be no longer private life for the slaves. There was also a lot of work for the slaves. Due to this they had no free time for them. They were always expected to be working all the time. There was als o no time for the family. This was mainly due to the amount of work that they were expected to do. Secondly, due to the manner in which different tasks were allocated to different slaves, it meant that there was little time for the family. They were not able to see each other occasionally. Their children were usually sold or given away by the slave masters therefore they could not be closely knit together as a family. Furthermore, the slaves were not allowed to marry. This was because the slave masters thought that if the slaves were allowed to form families, they could have other responsibilities and thus they could not be able to work as they were expected to. To avoid this, they prohibited them from marrying. Another negative effect of the slavery is that they were subjected to very many rapes. They were raped by other slaves as well as by the slave masters. Profitability of slave trade To the holding master Slave trade though considered as a vice, it brought with it a number of considerable benefits. There were different benefits that accrued to different people. Since this was controlled workforce, coupled with economies of scale, ensured that there was free labor. The greatest beneficiary of this system was the white master. The system ensured that they produced more than they could have if they worked on their own. Benefit of slavery to the slave masters was that they were able to amass great wealth owing to the fact that slaves made doing of work in the firms easier. To the slaves The benefits that accrued to the slaves were that they were able to access better housing, better food and better clothing. There was also increased freedom of movement as well as more ernestfuller197http://www.blogger.com/profile/01905942311381912065noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-129135799015058928.post-75118035935672916632019-11-18T16:06:00.001-08:002019-11-18T16:06:04.224-08:00Discuss how the American criminal justice system has impacted the EssayDiscuss how the American criminal justice system has impacted the Black community, 1880-2011 - Essay Example One can find extensive research material on African American criminal justice system. There is a great inequality visible in the criminal justice system of America. It has been pointed out by Pastore and Maguire (2000) that African Americans comprise of only 12 percent of U.S total population but they make 29.7 of all arrests. Since beginning of the court system in America, black people have been given fewer privileges and rights. Dred Scott decision considered the black slaves as property of their masters who purchased and brought them to America. According to one report of Justice Department, quoted by Free (2003), illustrates that number of African American youth is six times more than that of white people found in jails. These black criminals often get harsher punishments than White criminals. These disparities are crystal clear when comparison is made between non-Hispanic African American females and non-Hispanic White criminal females arrested by authorities (Beck & Karberg, 20 01). With passage of time, the condition of these detained African American criminals has worsened . It has been found that when cases of these people are brought into courts they mostly take more time than the cases related to white criminals. ernestfuller197http://www.blogger.com/profile/01905942311381912065noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-129135799015058928.post-42316400956734538882019-11-16T04:39:00.001-08:002019-11-16T04:39:03.434-08:00Definition And Types Of Anxiety English Language EssayDefinition And Types Of Anxiety English Language Essay In order to understand the specific type of anxiety that learners experience in a foreign language classroom, it is important to first consider anxiety in general terms. As a psychological construct, anxiety is described as a state of apprehension, a vague fear that is only indirectly associated with an object (Scovel, 1991, cited in Tanveer, 2007, p. 3). Speiberger (1976, cited in Wang, 2005, p. 13) distinguished anxiety from fear by pointing out that although anxiety and fear are both unpleasant emotional reactions to the stimulus conditions perceived as threatening, fear is usually derived from a real, objective danger in the external environment while the threatening stimulus of anxiety may not be known. Spielberger (1983, cited in Wilson, 2006, p. 41) defined anxiety as the subjective feeling of tension, apprehension, nervousness, and worry associated with an arousal of the autonomic nervous system. More specifically, Morris, David, Hutchings (1981, cited in Wilson, 2006, p. 41) claimed that general anxiety consists of two components: worry and emotionality. Worry or cognitive anxiety refers to negative expectations and cognitive concerns about oneself, the situation at hand, and possible consequences, and emotionality or somatic anxiety concerns ones perceptions of the physiological-affective elements of the anxiety experience, which are indications of autonomic arousal and unpleasant feeling states, such as nervousness, upset stomach, pounding heart, sweating, and tension (Morris, David, Hutchings, 1981, cited in Wilson, 2006, p. 41, cited in Cubucku, 2007, p. 134). Trait Anxiety, State Anxiety, and Situation-specific Anxiety MacIntyre Gardner (1991, p. 87-92) identified three approaches to the study of anxiety, which are: trait anxiety, state anxiety, and situation-specific anxiety. Trait anxiety is an individuals likelihood of becoming anxious in any situation (Spielberger, 1983, cited in MacIntyre Gardner, 1991, p. 87). As trait anxiety is a relatively stable personality characteristic, a person who is trait anxious would probably become anxious in many different kinds of situations, more frequently or more intensely than most people do (Woodrow, 2006, p. 309). This approach to anxiety research has been criticized in that the interpretation of trait anxiety would be meaningless without being considered in interaction with situations because a particular situation may be perceived as anxiety-provoking by some but not by others although those people may have similar trait anxiety scores (MacIntyre Gardner, 1991, p. 88). State anxiety, in contrast to the stable nature of trait anxiety, is momentary and thus not an enduring characteristic of an individuals personality. It is the apprehension that is experienced at a particular moment in time (MacIntyre Gardner, 1991, p. 90). In other words, it is a transient anxiety, an unpleasant emotional temporary state, a response to a particular anxiety-provoking stimulus such as an important test (Spielberger, 1983, cited in Wang, 2005, p.13, and cited in Tanveer, 2007, p. 4). The higher the level of trait anxiety an individual possess, the higher the level of state anxiety he or she may experience in stressful situations (MacIntyre Gardner, 1991, p. 90). The state-anxiety approach to anxiety research has been criticized for asking the question Are you nervous now? instead of Did this situation make you nervous?; in other words, it does not the subjects to ascribe their anxiety experience to any particular source (MacIntyre Gardner, 1991, p. 90). Situation-specific anxiety reà ¬Ã¢â¬Å¡ects a trait anxiety that recurs consistently over time within a given situation (MacIntyre Gardner, 1991, p. 87; Spielberger, Anton and Bedell, 1976, cited in Woodrow, 2006, p. 309). Zheng (2008, p. 2) proposed that the three categories of anxiety can be identified on a continuum from stability to transience, with trait anxiety related to a generally stable predisposition to be anxious across situations on one end, state anxiety related to a temporary unpleasant emotional state on the other, and situational-specific anxiety related to the probability of becoming anxious in particular situations in the middle of the continuum. According to MacIntyre and Gardner (1991, p. 90), situation-specific anxiety can be considered as trait anxiety, which is limited to a specific context. This perspective examines anxiety reactions in a well-defined situation such as public speaking, during tests, when solving mathematics problems, or in a foreign languag e class (MacIntyre Gardner, 1991, p. 90). Facilitating Anxiety and Debilitating Anxiety Facilitating anxiety improves learning and performance, while debilitating anxiety is associated with poor learning and performance. According to Scovel (1978, cited in Tanveer, 2007, p. 10), anxiety, in its debilitating and facilitating forms, serves simultaneously to motivate and to warn the learner. Facilitating anxiety occurs when the difficulty level of the task triggers the proper amount of anxiety (Scovel, 1978, cited in Zheng, 2008, p. 2). In such case, facilitating anxiety motivates the learner to fight the new learning task; it gears the learner emotionally for approach behavior (Scovel, 1991, cited in Tanveer, 2007, p. 11). However, although a certain level of anxiety may be beneficial, too much anxiety can become debilitating: it motivates the learner to flee the new learning task; and stimulates the individual emotionally to adopt avoidance behavior which may lead to avoidance of work and inefficient work performance (Scovel, 1978, cited in Zheng, 2008, p. 2; Scovel, 199 1, cited in Tanveer, 2007, p. 11). Such phenomenon can be best described by the Yerkes-Dodson Law, which suggests a curvilinear association between arousal and performance (Wilson, 2006, p. 45). When represented graphically on an inverted U-shaped curve, the Yerkes-Dodson Law shows that too little arousal produces minimum performance; moderate arousal enhances performance and reaches a peak at the top of the curve; after that, too much arousal will again hinder performance (MacIntyre, 1995, p. 92). FIGURE 1 (MacIntyre, 1995, p. 92) Anxiety in Foreign Language Learning Language learning anxiety has been classified as a situation-specià ¬Ã c anxiety, or a trait which recurs consistently over time within the given context of language learning situations, that is, the language classrooms (MacIntyre and Gardner, 1991; Horwitz, 2001). Horwitz et al. (1986) were the first to treat foreign language anxiety as a separate and distinct phenomenon particular to language learning (Young, 1991, cited in Wang, 2005, p. 16). According to Horwitz et al. (1986, p. 128), foreign language anxiety is a distinct complex of self-perceptions, feelings, and behaviors related to classroom learning arising from the uniqueness of the language learning process. Other researchers also proposed similar definitions. Oh (1992, cited in Wang, 2005, p. 16) perceived of foreign language anxiety as a situation-specific anxiety students experience in the classroom, which is characterized by negative self-centered thoughts, feelings of inadequacy, fear of failure, and emotional reactions. In a similar vein, MacIntyre and Gardner (1994, cited in Wang, 2005, p. 16) described foreign language anxiety as the feelings of tension and apprehension, which are particularly associated with activities in a second language learning context. According to Horwitz (1986, p. 126), anxiety centers on the two basic task requirements of foreign language learning: listening and speaking, and difficulty in speaking in class is probably the most frequently cited concern of the anxious foreign language students. On the other hand, Hilleson (1996, cited in Matsuda Gobel, 2004, p. 22), in his diary study, identified various types of anxiety related to different skill areas: the participants in his research demonstrated anxiety related to not only speaking and listening but also reading and writing. Although research into foreign language anxiety has been almost entirely associated with the oral aspects of language use, there has been a recent trend to identify the relationship between anxiety and other language proficiencies ((Horwitz, 2001, p. 120; Matsuda Gobel, 2004, p. 22). According to Tallon (2008, p. 7), while previous studies suggested that foreign language classroom anxiety is a more general type of anxiety about learning a second language with a strong speaking anxiety element, recent research on foreign language anxiety showed the existence of language-skill-specific anxieties: listening, reading, and writing. The Measurement of Anxiety in Foreign Language Learning Generally, there are three major ways of measuring anxiety in research, including behavioral observation; physiological assessment such as heart rates or blood pressure tests; and participants self-reports of their internal feelings and reactions (Casado Dereshiwsky, 2001; Daly, 1991; cited in Zheng, 2008, p. 3). According to Zheng (2008, p. 3), participants self-reports are by far the most common way of examining the anxiety phenomenon in educational research. Early Research on Foreign Language Anxiety As anxiety is a complex, multi-faceted construct (Phillips, 1992, p. 14), it is not surprising that early studies of the relationship between anxiety and language learning provided mixed and confusing results. Youngs (1991, p. 438-439) review of sixteen studies that examining how anxiety interferes with language learning and performance showed inconsistent results both within and across studies, and she concluded that research in the area of anxiety as it relates to second or foreign language learning and performance was scattered and inconclusive. According to Horwitz (2010, p. 157), Scovels review of the then available literature on anxiety and language learning can be considered a turning point in the study of foreign language learning anxiety. Scovel (1978, cited in Horwitz, 2001, p. 113) attributed the truly conflicting set of findings to ambiguity in the conceptualization and measurement of anxiety. He argued that since the early studies employed different anxiety measures such as test anxiety or facilitating-debilitating anxiety, etc, it was understandable that they found different relationships between anxiety and language learning. Some studies found the anticipated negative relationship between anxiety and language achievement, but there were also several studies which found no relationship, and positive relationships between anxiety and second language achievement were also identified. For example, in a research conducted by Chastain in 1975 (cited in Horwitz, 2010, p. 156), the directions of the correlations between anxiety (test anxiety) and language learning (course grades) in three languages (French, German, and Spanish) were not consistent, indicating three levels of correlation: positive, negative, and near zero. Backman (1976, cited in Aida, 1994, p. 156) examined Venezuelan students learning English in the US, whose language progress measured by a placement test, a listening comprehension test, and teachers ratings did not show a significant correlation with any of the anxiety measures. Kleinmann (1977, cited in Horwitz, 2010, p. 156) utilized the facilitating-debilitating anxiety framework to study Spanish-speaking and Arabic-speaking ESL students, and found that learners with more facilitating anxiety had a lower tendency toward avoidance behavior in the oral production of linguistically difficult English structures while there was no evidence that debilitating anxiety negatively influenced their oral performance. Horwitz, Horwitz, and Copes Construct of Foreign Language Anxiety It is essential to trace the development and subsequent use of the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (Horwitz et al., 1986), as this instrument has been employed so widely (in its original form, or translated, or adapted) and with such consistent results since it first appeared. As it has been observed to be highly reliable (Horwitz, 1986; Aida, 1994; Rodriguez Abreu, 2003), I was interested in using it for my research. 3.2.1. Development of the FLCAS According to Horwitz (1986b, p. 559), research into the relationship between anxiety and language achievement had been held back by the lack of a reliable and valid measure of anxiety specific to language learning. She further stated that although teachers and students generally felt that anxiety is an obstacle to be overcome in learning a second language, the empirical literature at that time failed to adequately define second language anxiety and to demonstrate a clear-cut relationship between anxiety and language achievement or performance. She suggested that one likely explanation for the inconclusive results of previous studies was that existing measures of anxiety did not test an individuals response to the specific stimulus of language learning. The Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale was developed so as to provide researchers with a standard instrument for such purpose (Horwitz, 1986b, p. 559). This self-report measure was claimed to evaluate the degree of anxiety, as ev idenced by negative performance expectancies and social comparisons, psycho-physiological symptoms, and avoidance behaviors (Horwitz, 1986b, p. 559). The author stated that the scales items were developed from student reports, clinical experience, and a review of related instruments. 3.2.2. Conceptual Foundations of Foreign Language Anxiety From a theoretical viewpoint, Horwitz et al. (1986, p. 127) argued that foreign language anxiety implies performance evaluation within an academic and social context. They therefore identified the three related performance anxieties: communication apprehension test anxiety; and fear of negative evaluation, which are believed to provide useful conceptual building blocks for a description of foreign language anxiety (Horwitz, 1986, p. 128). However, Horwitz (1986, p. 128; 2010, p. 158) also emphasized that foreign language anxiety is not a simple combination of these performance anxieties transferred to foreign language learning. Instead, it is perceived as a distinct complex of self-perceptions, beliefs, feelings, and behaviors à ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦ arising from the uniqueness of the language learning process (Horwitz, 1986, p. 128). Communication apprehension was originally defined by McCroskey (1977, cited in Aida, 1994, p. 156) as an individuals level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons. According to McCroskey (1984, cited in Wang, 2005, p. 17), the typical behavior patterns of communicatively apprehensive people are communication avoidance, communication withdrawal, and communication disruption. According to Horwitz (1986, p. 127), due to its emphasis on interpersonal interactions, the construct of communication apprehension plays an important role in language learning. Difficulty in speaking in groups (oral communication anxiety) or in front of the class (stage fright), or in listening to or learning a spoken message (receiver anxiety) are suggested to be all manifestations of communication apprehension (Horwitz, 1986, p. 127). People whose typical communication apprehension is high tend to encounter even greater difficulty communicating in a foreign language class where they have little control of the communicative situation, there exists a disparity between learners mature thoughts and their immature foreign language proficiency, and their performance is constantly monitored (Horwitz, 1986; Horwitz and Gregersen, 2002, p. 562). The inability to express oneself fully or to understand others not only lead to frustration and apprehension in typical apprehensive communicators but also make many otherwise talkative people become silent in a foreign language class (Horwitz, 1986, p. 127). Test-anxiety, or the tendency to view with alarm the consequences of inadequate performance in an evaluative situation (Sarason, 1984, cited in Aida, 1994, p. 157), is also relevant to a discussion of foreign language anxiety because performance evaluation is an ongoing feature of most foreign language classes (Horwitz, 1986, p. 127). Some learners may inappropriately view foreign or second language production as a test situation rather than as an opportunity for communication (Horwitz, 1986, cited in Horwitz and Gregersen, 2002, p. 562). According to Horwitz (1986, p. 126), test-anxious students often put unrealistic demands on themselves and feel that anything less than a perfect test performance is a failure. Unfortunately, students who are test-anxious may suffer considerable stress and difficulty in foreign language classrooms since daily evaluation of skills are quite common and frequent in most foreign language classes. Moreover, making mistakes is inevitable in the language l earning process, and even the brightest and most prepared students often make errors (Horwitz, 1986, p. 128). Fear of negative evaluation, the third performance anxiety related to foreign language learning, is defined as apprehension about others evaluations, avoidance of evaluative situations, and the expectations that others would evaluate oneself negatively (Watson and Friend, 1969, cited in Horwitz, 1986, p. 128). Although similar to test anxiety to some extent, fear of negative evaluation is broader in scope in that it applies to any social and/or evaluative situation in which an individual worries about the possibility of being unfavorably evaluated by others (Wilson, 2006, p. 68). Horwitz (1986, p. 128) pointed out what distinguishes foreign language learning from other academic subjects is that language learners are continually evaluated by the teacher and may also feel they are subject to the evaluation of their peers. Unfortunately, learners who are highly concerned about the impressions others are forming of them tend to behave in ways that minimize the possibility of negative eva luations (Horwitz and Gregersen, 2002, p. 562). In foreign language classrooms, students with a fear of negative evaluation tend to sit passively in the classroom, withdrawing from classroom activities that could otherwise enhance their improvement of the language skills or even cutting class to avoid anxiety situations (Aida, 1994, p. 157). 3.2.3. Reliability and Validity of the FLCAS Horwitz et al. (1986) developed the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) as a 33-item self-report instrument scored on the basis of a 5-point Likert-type scale, from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Students respond to statements regarding their reactions to foreign/second language classes. Possible scores on the FLCAS range from 33 to 165: the higher the score, the higher the anxiety level. Items were developed from student reports, interviews with specialists about their clinical experiences with anxious language learners, the authors teaching experiences, and a review of related measures of anxiety. According to Horwitz (1986, p. 129), pilot testing of the scale with seventy five introductory Spanish students at the University of Texas at Austin demonstrated its reliability and validity. In terms of internal reliability, the FLCAS achieved internal reliability, achieving an alpha coefficient of .93 with all items producing significant corrected item-total scale correlations. Test- retest reliability over eight weeks yielded an r = .83 (p In one sample of 108 introductory students of Spanish, scores ranged from 45 to 147 (M = 94.5, Mdn = 95.0, SD = 21.4). Internal consistency, as measured by Cronbachs alpha coefficient, was .93, and test-retest reliability over 8 weeks was r = .83, p = .001, n = .78. Aida (1994) tested Horwitz et al.s construct of foreign language anxiety by validating an adapted FLCAS for students of Japanese. She aimed to discover the underlying structure of the FLCAS and to examine whether or not the structure reflects the three kinds of anxiety presented earlier. Her study, using ninety-six students of Japanese, yielded internal consistency of .94 (X = 96.7 and SD = 22.1), using Cronbachs alpha coefficient. The reliability, mean, standard deviation, and range obtained in this study were very similar to those of Horwitz (1986), whose sample was a group of students in introductory Spanish classes. FIGURE 2 (Aida, 1994, p. 159) Manifestations of Foreign Language Learning Anxiety Anxiety, in general, can have physical/physiological, emotional, and behavioral manifestations, and these manifestations can differ with each individual. According to Oxford (1999, cited in Williams Andrade, 2009, p. 4, and cited in Yanling Guizheng, 2006, p. 98): Physical symptoms can include, for example, rapid heartbeat, muscle tension, dry mouth, and excessive perspiration. Psychological symptoms can include embarrassment, feelings of helplessness, fear, going blank, inability to concentrate, as well as poor memory recall and retention. Behavioral symptoms can include physical actions such as squirming, fidgeting, playing with hair or clothingà ¼Ã
â nervously touching objects, stuttering or stammeringà ¼Ã
â displaying jittery behavior, being unable to reproduce the sounds or intonation of the target language even after repeated practice. More importantly, behavioral symptoms of anxiety can be manifested in negative avoidance behaviors like inappropriate silence, monosyllabic or non-committal responses, lack of eye contact, unwillingness to participate, coming late, arriving unprepared, showing indifference, cutting class, and withdrawal from the course. Other signs which might reflect language anxiety: overstudying, perfectionism, hostility, excessive competitiveness, as well as excessive self-effacement and self-criticism (e.g. I am so stupid). Causes of Foreign Language Learning Anxiety Research has indicated a number of ways that learning a foreign language can cause anxiety for language learners. Young (1991, p. 427), in a comprehensive review, summarized the personal factors and instructional factors contributing to language anxiety into six categories: 1) personal and interpersonal anxieties, 2) learner beliefs about language learning, 3) instructor beliefs about language teaching, 4) instructor learner interactions, 5) classroom procedures, and 6) language testing. Generally, the six factors proposed by Young (1991) combine with other factors indicated by other researchers to form three main sources of foreign language anxiety: learners characteristics, teachers characteristics, and classrooms characteristics (Tallon, 2009, p. 2). Personal factors (Learner characteristics) Personal and interpersonal issues, according to Young (1991, p. 427), are possibly the most commonly cited and discussed sources of language anxiety. Several studies have discovered the link between anxiety and proficiency (Aida, 1994; Gardner, 1985; Gardner et al., 1997, cited in Zhang, 2010, p. 9). There are significant differences between high proficiency and low proficiency students in language anxiety level with the low proficiency students being much more anxious (Young, 1991). In a similar vein, Horwitz (1986) attributed anxiety to learners immature communicative ability in the foreign language. On the other hand, several other researchers argued that low self-esteem and competitiveness are the two significant sources of learner anxiety. Bailey (1983, cited in Young, 1991, p. 427) studied the diary entries of 11 students and reported that competitiveness can lead to anxiety when language learners compare themselves to others or to an idealized self-image. Likewise, Price (1991 , cited in Young, 1991, p. 427) stated that the majority of her subjects believed their language skills to be weaker than those of the others in class; that they werent doing a good job and that everyone else looked down on them. As regards to self-esteem, Hembree (1988, cited in Young, 1991, p. 427) implied that students who start out with a self-perceived low ability level in a foreign or second language are most likely to experience language anxiety. Krashen (1981, cited in Ohata, 2005, p. 5) also suggests that anxiety can arise according to ones degree of self-esteem as those students tend to worry about what their peers or friends think, in fear of their negative responses or evaluation. In addition, Gregersen and Horwitz (2002) examined the relationship between foreign language anxiety and perfectionism, and found some common characteristics between anxious language learners and perfectionists (e.g., higher standards for their English performance, a greater tendency toward pro crastination, more worry over the opinions of others, and a higher level of concern over their errors). The authors supposed that such characteristics may make language learning unpleasant and less successful for the perfectionist students than for others. Another personality trait that has a positive correlation with foreign language anxiety is shyness: Chu (2008, cited in Zhang, 2010, p. 11) affirmed that anxiety, willingness to communicate, and shyness function together to create a negative impact on Taiwanese students study of English. Learner beliefs about language learning, if erroneous and unrealistic, are also a major factor contributing to language anxiety (Young, 1991, p. 428). According to Tallon (2008, p. 4) when students unrealistic expectations about language learning are not met it can lead to negative feelings about ones intelligence and abilities. For example, the language learners in Horwitzs study (1988, cited in Young, 1991, p. 428): 1) expressed great concern over the correctness of their utterances; 2) placed a great deal of stress on speaking with an excellent accent; 3) supported the notion that language learning is primarily translating from English and memorizing vocabulary words and grammatical rules; as well as 4) believed that two years is enough time to become fluent in another language; and believed some people were more able to learn a foreign language than others. Such erroneous beliefs may make the students later become disappointed and frustrated. In addition, Horwitz (1989, cited in Tallon, 2008, p. 5) found a link between several language learning beliefs and levels of foreign language anxiety in university Spanish students: the more anxious learners judged language learning to be relatively difficult and themselves to possess relatively low levels of foreign language aptitude. Palacios (1998, cited in Tallon, 2008, p. 5) also found that the following beliefs are associated with learner anxiety: the feeling that mastering a language is an overwhelming task; the feeling that one needs to go through a translation process in order to communicate in the target language; the difficulty of keeping everything in ones head; and the belief that learning a language is easier at an earlier age. Tallon (2008, p. 5) concluded that all of those faulty beliefs may cause the students to have unrealistic expectations about the language learning process, and thus lead to anxiety. Instructional factors Teacher characteristics Instructor beliefs about language teaching, which determines instructor-learner interactions, are a further source of language anxiety because the teachers assumption on the role of language teachers may not always correspond to the students needs or expectations toward the him or her (Ohata, 2005, p. 7). Young (1991, p. 428) listed the following teacher beliefs which have been shown to evoke feelings of anxiety in students: it is necessary for the teacher to be intimidating at times; the instructor is supposed to correct every single mistake made by the students; group or partner work is not appropriate because it can get out of control; the teacher should do most of the talking; and the instructors role is that of a drill sergeant. According to Tallon (2008, p. 5), a judgmental teaching attitude (Samimy, 1994) and a harsh manner of teaching (Aida, 1994) are closely linked to student fear in the classroom. Besides, Palacios (1998, cited in Tallon, 2008, p. 5) found the following characteristics of the teacher to be associated with anxiety: absence of teacher support, unsympathetic personalities, lack of time for personal attention, favoritism, absence that the class does not provide students with the tools necessary to match up with the teachers expectations, and the sense of being judged by the teacher or wanting to impress the teacher. Moreover, Young (1999, cited in Tallon, 2008, p. 6) stated that using speaking activities that put the learner on the spot in front of their classmates without allowing adequate preparation are also sources of anxiety for many students. Additionally, Ando (1999, cited in Tallon, 2008, p. 6) argued that having a native speaker for a teacher can cause anxiety because the teacher may lack the sensitivity of the learning process or the teachers English may be hard for students to understand. Classroom characteristics Classroom procedures and other classrooms characteristics are the third major source of foreign language learning anxiety. Young (1990, cited in Tallon, p. 6) proposed a list of classroom activities which are perceived as anxiety-provoking: (1) spontaneous role play in front of the class; (2) speaking in front of the class; (3) oral presentations or skits in front of the class; (4) presenting a prepared dialogue in front of the class; and (5) writing work on the board. Similarly, Palacios (1998, cited in Tallon, p. 6) found demands of oral production, feelings of being put on the spot, the pace of the class, and the element of being evaluated (i.e., fear of negative evaluation) to be anxiety-producing to students. Notably, Oxford (1999, cited in Tallon, p. 7) emphasized learning and teaching styles as a potential source of language anxiety. If the instructors teaching style and a students learning style are not compatible, style wars can trigger or heighten anxiety levels. In addition, it is understandable that language testing may lead to foreign language anxiety (Young, 1991, p. 428). For example, difficult tests, especially tests that do not match the teaching in class, as well as unclear or unfamiliar test tasks and formats can all create learner anxiety. Effects of Foreign Language Learning Anxiety Foreign Language Learning Anxiety and its Associations with the three stages of the Language Acquisition process (Input, Processing, and Output) The effects of language anxiety can be explained with reference to the cognitive consequences of anxiety arousal (Eysenck, 1979; Schwazer, 1986; cited in MacIntyre Gardner, 1994, p. 2). When an individual becomes anxious, negative self-related cognition begins: thoughts of failure (e.g. I will never be able to finish this), self-deprecation (I am just no good at this), and avoidance (I wish this was over) begin to emerge. They consume cognitive resources that might otherwise be applied to the learning task. This then creates even more difficulties in cognitive processing because fewer available resources may lead to failure, which results in more negative cognitions that further consume cognitive resources, and so on. According to MacIntyre (1995, p. 26), anxiety can be problematic for the language learner because language learning itself is a fairly intense cognitive activity that relies on encoding, storage, and retrieval processes (MacIntyre, 1995, p. 26), and anxiety interferes with each of these cognitive processes by creating a divided attention scenario (Krashe ernestfuller197http://www.blogger.com/profile/01905942311381912065noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-129135799015058928.post-71067719184520669322019-11-13T17:09:00.001-08:002019-11-13T17:09:02.770-08:00Economy and Society in Europe During 1848 Essay -- European History EcEconomy and Society in Europe During 1848 The revolutionary year of 1848 was an extraordinary period in which popular disturbances brought down the government of many countries. The revolts were very widespread, seriously affecting about fifty countries in Europe.1 It ranged from an enormous area, ranging from the Atlantic to the Ukraine, from the Baltic to the Mediterranean. Factors that contributed to these revolts included: the potato crop had been destroyed, food riots broke out, and financial crises sprung about due to the high rate of unemployment.2 The development of major cities, such as Prague, Berlin, Liepzig, etc. contributed to the creation of the revolution. Also, anger arose over political issues because the middle class was taking control, and the peasants were starving due to this. Another point that caused rage was tax collection. People threatened to beat tax collectors and burn down revenue offices. Europe, at this time, was fighting a battle that would last many years and change many different aspects of European countries. For the most part, the revolts were due to the bourgeoisie (upper class citizens) and how they controlled everything, including factories, machines, and people. The proletariat (working class that consisted of the factory laborers) were dominated by the bourgeoisie and began to look for a social change.3 The different changes in Europe in 1848 resulted in economic revolts, the Industrial Revolution, and how Karl Marx had an impact on society. The economic revolts took place right before 1848. This economic crisis resulted from the agricultural failures, which set off a serious industrial and commercial crisis, as high food prices would not let people buy anything else. Due to thes... ...ompany Inc, 1970), 198-206. 6. Breunig, 226. 7. Jones, 24. 8. Hugh McLeod, Secularisation in Western Europe, 1848-1914 (London: MacMillian Press Ltd., 2000), 31. 9. Jones, 15. 10. Priscilla Robertson, Revolutions of 1848: A Social History (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1952), 6. Bibliography Breunig, Charles. The Age of Revolution and Reaction, 1789-1850. New York: Norton and Company Inc., 1970. Goldstein, Robert Justin. "The European Revolutoin of 1848 and 1989." 24 February 1999. http://cscwww.ohiou.edu/~Chastain/dh/eurorev.htm (22 October 2001). Jones, Peter. The 1848 Revolutions. New York: Longman Inc., 1991. McLeod, Hugh. Secularisation In Western Europe, 1848-1914. London: MacMillian Press Ltd., 2000. Robertson, Priscilla. Revolutions of 1848: A Social History. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1952. ernestfuller197http://www.blogger.com/profile/01905942311381912065noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-129135799015058928.post-38787049733469114332019-11-11T05:40:00.001-08:002019-11-11T05:40:03.891-08:00Memories of my childhood EssayThinking back when I was ten brings up a lot of memories of my childhood. I was a tom boy and a big eater because of my high metabolism and extremely high energy level. I look back at my favorite foods and there are many that come to mind. I loved Chef Boyardee Ravioli and Spaghetti Oââ¬â¢s. I also loved my momââ¬â¢s homemade chicken and dumplings and bisquits, peanut butter and banana sandwiches, and momââ¬â¢s cookies. These have been my favorites throughout the years with the exception of the Chef Boyardee Ravioli and Spaghetti Oââ¬â¢s. My mom has taught me how to prepare some of her recipes so that I may pass them on to my children and them to theirs. I think I will continue to eat these dishes until my body can no longer handle the ingredients that make these dishes so scrumptious. My mother is 52yrs old and still enjoys these foods she is in very good health with the exception of her osteoporosis so if I continue taking care of myself and my body and nothing bad happens besides what already has happened, I think I should be able to eat these dishes for a very long time. There are several reasons why dietary modifications need to be changed throughout the different stages of life. From birth the old age are metabolism is constantly changing, we go from a high energy intake to a slowed metabolism. Healthful diets help promote the growth of infancy into your older adulthood, and it helps with the productivity to help prevent obesity, high blood pressure and cholesterol, certain diseases, strokes, heart attacks, and osteoporosis. ernestfuller197http://www.blogger.com/profile/01905942311381912065noreply@blogger.com0