Agenda setting theory (Maxwell McCombs and Donald L. Shaw)

Agenda setting theory (Maxwell McCombs and Donald L. Shaw) Media influence affects the order of presentation in news reports about news events, issues in the public mind. More importance to a news-more importance attributed by audience. Media Priorities It says what people should think about and how people should think about. These are the levels of agenda setting theory: First Level: Mostly studied by researchers, media uses objects or issues to influence the people what people should think about. Second level:Media focuses on the characters of issues how people should think about. Agenda setting theory used in political ad, campaigns, business news, PR (public relation) etc. The main concept associated with the agenda setting theory is gate keeping. Gate keeping controls over the selection of content discussed in the media; Public cares mostly about the product of a media gate keeping. It is especially editors media itself is a gatekeeper. News media decides ‘what’ eve nts to admit through media ‘gates’ on ground of ‘newsworthiness’. For e. g. News Comes from various sources, editors choose what should appear and what should not that’s why they are called as gatekeepers. Priming Activity of the media in proposing the values and standards by which objects of the media attention can be judged. Media’s content will provide a lot of time and space to certain issues, making it more vivid. To say in simple words, Media is giving utmost importance to a news so that it gives people the impression that is the most important information. This is done everyday the particular news is carried as a heading or covered everyday for months.Headlines, Special news features, discussions, expert opinions are used. Media primes news by repeating the news and giving it more importance E. g. Nuclear deal. Framing Framing is a process of selective control Two Meanings 1. Way in which news content is typically shaped and contextuali zed within same frame of reference. 2. Audience adopts the frames of reference and to see the world in a similar way. It is how people attach importance to news and perceive it context within which an issue is viewed. Framing talks about how people attach importance to certain news for e. . in case of attack, defeat, win and loss, how the media frames the news such that people perceive it in a different way. We can take India and Pakistan war; same happening is framed in different ways in both the countries. So depending on which media you view your perception will differ. Criticisms of Agenda setting theory is †¢Media users not ideal, people may not pay attention to details. †¢Effect is weakened for people who have made up their mind. †¢Media can’t create problems. They can only alter the awareness, Priority etc.

Contract Case Study Essay

1.Adams orders one thousand widgets at $5 per widget from International Widget to be delivered within sixty days. After the contract is consummated and signed, Adams requests that International deliver the widgets within thirty days rather than sixty days. International agrees. Is the contractual modification binding? Yes the contract modification is binding because both parties agreed to the modification before the widgets were delivered. When Adams requested the new shipping method and International agreed to the new terms. In problem 1, what effect, if any, would the following letter have? International Widget: In accordance with our agreement of this date you will deliver the one thousand previously ordered widgets within thirty days. Thank you for your cooperation in this matter. (signed) Adams The letter wouldn’t have any affect at all because the contract has already been modified by both parties and had been accepted. It would just be useful if for some reason one of the parties didn’t fulfill their part of the new contract. Browne & Assoc., a San Francisco company, orders from U.S. Electronics, a New York company, ten thousand electronic units. Browne & Assoc.’s order form provides that any dispute would be resolved by an arbitration panel located in San Francisco. U.S. Electronics executes and delivers to Browne & Assoc. its acknowledgment form, which accepts the order and contains the following provision: ‘‘All disputes will be resolved by the State courts of New York.’’ A dispute arises concerning the workmanship of the parts, and Browne & Assoc. wishes the case to be arbitrated in San Fran- cisco. What result The case would be arbitrated in San Fransico because the New York company agreed to their term of â€Å"Browne & Assoc.’s order form provides that any dispute would be resolved by an arbitration panel located in San Francisco† and they didn’t agree to modify the contract to change that. 2. Smith, having contracted to sell to Beyer thirty tons of described fertilizer, shipped to Beyer by carrier thirty tons of fertilizer, which he stated conformed to the contract. Nothing was stated in the contract as to time of payment, but Smith demanded payment as a condition of handing over the fertilizer to Beyer. Beyer refused to pay unless he were given the opportunity to inspect the fertilizer. Who is correct? Explain. Smith is  correct because Beyer contracted him to deliver the thirty tons of fertilizer, and like Smith stated is conformed the contract. Edwin sells a sofa to Jack for $800. Edwin and Jack both know that the sofa is in Edwin’s warehouse, located approximately ten miles from Jack’s home. The contract does not specify the place of delivery, and Jack insists that the place of delivery is either his house or Edwin’s store. Is Jack correct? In my opinion I don’t think jack is correct because it was not stated in a contract that the sofa was to be delivered to jacks home and even with him knowing the sofa was in the warehouse 10 miles away he still purchased the sofa. 6. On November 4, Kim contracted to sell to Lynn 500 sacks of flour at $4 each to be delivered to Lynn by December 12. On November 27, Kim shipped the flour. By December 5, when the shipment arrived, containing only 450 sacks, the market price of flour had fallen. Lynn refused to accept delivery or to pay. Kim shipped 50 more sacks of flour, which arrived December 10. Lynn refused delivery. Kim resold the 500 sacks of flour for $3 per sack. What are Kim’s rights against Lynn? Kim has no rights against Lynn because the order was never fulfilled on her part because Lynn never accepted the shipment of the remaining 50 sacks of flour on December 10. 1. Stein, a mechanic, and Beal, a life insurance agent, entered into a written contract for the sale of Stein’s tractor to Beal for $6,800 cash. It was agreed that Stein would tune the motor on the tractor. Stein fulfilled this obligation and on the night of July 1 telephoned Beal that the tractor was ready to be picked up upon Beal’s making payment. Beal responded, ‘‘I’ll be there in the morning with the money.’’ On the next morning, however, Beal was approached by an insurance prospect and decided to get the tractor at a later date. On the night of July 2, the tractor was destroyed by fire of unknown origin. Neither Stein nor Beal had any fire insurance. Who must bear the loss? Stein will have to bear the loss because even though he fulfilled everything he was suppose to do on the contract Beal never picked up the tractor for him and still had full possession of the tractor on the night of the fire. 7. Smith was approached by a man who introduced himself as Brown of Brown & Co. Brown was not known to Smith, but Smith asked Dun & Bradstreet for a credit report and obtained a very favorable report on Brown. He thereupon sold Brown some expensive gems and billed Brown & Co.  Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬ËœBrown’’ turned out to be a clever jewel thief, who later sold the gems to Brown & Co. for valuable consideration. Brown & Co. was unaware of ‘‘Brown’s’’ transaction with Smith. Can Smith successfully sue Brown & Co. for either the return of the gems or the price as billed to Brown & Co.? No he cannot sue for the gems because the items were sold to them as a third party and they had no affiliation with the person who went by Brown at all. 9. Brilles offered to sell his used automobile to Nevarro for $12,600 cash. Nevarro agreed to buy the car, gave Brilles a check for $12,600, and drove away in the car. The next day Nevarro sold the car for $13,000 to Hough, a bona fide purchaser. The $12,600 check was returned to Brilles by the bank in which he had deposited it because of insufficient funds in Nevarro’s account. Brilles brings an action against Hou gh to recover the automobile. What judgment? Brilles wouldn’t be able to get his car or money from Hough because the title was transferred over to him by Nevarro not brilles. Brilles would only be able to get his money back from Nevarro. 2. The Talent Company, manufacturer of a widely advertised and expensive perfume, sold a quantity of this product to Young, a retail druggist. Dentley and Bird visited Young’s store and Dent- ley, desiring to make a gift to Bird, purchased from Young a bottle of this perfume, asking for it by its trade name. Young wrapped up the bottle and handed it directly to Bird. The perfume contained a foreign chemical that, upon the first use of the perfume by Bird, severely burned her face and caused a permanent facial disfigurement. What are the rights of Bird, if any, against Dentley, Young, and the Talent Company, respectively? Bird has the right to go after both the Talent Company because they are the ones who made the perfume and are reliable for their products and young because they were the ones selling a product that they have not used and redeemed safe for their coustmers. 4. A route salesperson for Ideal Milk Company delivered a one- half-gallon glass jug of milk to Allen†™s home. The next day, when Allen grasped the milk container by its neck to take it out of his refrigerator, it shattered in his hand and caused serious injury. Allen paid Ideal on a monthly basis for the regular delivery of milk. Ideal’s milk bottles each contained the legend ‘‘Property of Ideal— to be returned,’’ and the route salesperson would pick up the empty bottles when he delivered milk. Can Allen recover damages from  Ideal Milk Company? Why? No Allen wouldn’t be able to recover anything from the milk company because there wouldn’t be enough proof that the milk container was faulty, even though it might have been 10. Plaintiff, while dining at defendant’s restaurant, ordered a chicken potpie. While she was eating, she swallowed a sliver of chicken bone, which became lodged in her throat, causing her serious injury. Plaintiff brings a cause of action. Should she prevail? Why? Yes she would prevail because the food is not s uppose to have bones in it, and the restaurant is going to have to be liable for their product and pay for the plaintiffs injury’s that she suffered from eating at the restaurant. 1. Mae contracted to sell one thousand bushels of wheat to Lloyd at $5.00 per bushel. Just before Mae was to deliver the wheat, Lloyd notified her that he would not receive or accept the wheat. Mae sold the wheat for $4.60 per bushel, the market price, and later sued Lloyd for the difference of $400. Lloyd claims he was not notified by Mae of the resale and, hence, is not liable. Is Lloyd correct? Why? Yes Lloyd is correct because he inform Mae that he didn’t want the bushels any more, which terminated the contract. Then when Mae didn’t deliver them she accepted that the contract was terminated. 9. Calvin purchased a log home construction kit manufactured by Boone Homes, Inc., from an authorized Boone dealer. The sales contract stated that Boone would repair or replace defective materials and that this was the exclusive remedy available against Boone. The dealer assembled the house, which was defective in several respects. The knotholes in the logs caused the walls and ceiling to leak. A support beam was too small and therefore cracked, causing the floor to crack also. These defects could not be completely cured by repair. Should Calvin prevail in a lawsuit against Boone for breach of warranty to recover damages for the loss in value? Yes Calvin would prevail in court because they stated that they would replace or repair defective material, and the material that Calvin received was defective and it cant be repaired so they have to pay for it to get it replaced or replace it them self’s. 16. Serve best contracted to sell Emessee two hundred thousand pounds of 50 percent lean beef trimmings for $105,000. Upon a substantial fall in the market price, Emessee refused to pay the contract price and informed Servebest that the contract was canceled. Servebest sues Emessee for breach of contract, including (a) damages for the difference between the contract price and the resale price of the trimmings, and (b) incidental damages. Decision? Servebest can only recover damages for no acceptance or repudiation because the buyer breached the contract. 1. Roy Rand executed and delivered the following note to Sue Sims: ‘‘Chicago, Illinois, June 1, 2011; I promise to pay to Sue Sims or bearer, on or before July 1, 2011, the sum of $7,000. This note is given in consideration of Sims’s transferring to the undersigned title to her 2002 Buick automobile. (signed) Roy Rand.’’ Rand and Sims agreed to defer delivery of the car to July 1, 2011. On June 15, Sims sold and delivered the note, without endorsement, to Karl Kaye for $6,200. What rights, if any, has Kaye acquired? Kaye has acquired the entire right of the money remaining on the note that Roy needs to pay for the 2002 Buick because Kaye became the bearer when he purchased the note from Slims. 7. Simon Sharpe executed and delivered to Ben Bates a negotiable promissory note payable to the order of Ben Bates for $500. Bates indorsed the note, ‘‘Pay to Carl Cady upon his satisfactorily repairing the roof of my house, (signed) Ben Bates,’’ and delivered it to Cady as a down payment on the contract price of the roofing job. Cady then indorsed the note and sold it to Timothy Tate for $450. What rights, if any, does Tate acquire in the promissory note? Tate would only acquire the promissory note if Cady fulfills his agreement with bates on repairing the roof, because if he does not finish repairing the roof he was never entitled to the check in the first place. 8. Debbie Dean issued a check to Betty Brown payable to the order of Cathy Cain and Betty Brown. Betty indorsed the check ‘‘Payable to Elizabeth East, (signed) Betty Brown.’’ What rights, if any, does Elizabeth acquire in the check? Elizabeth acquires all rights to the check because Betty indorsed the check to her when she wrote on the check â€Å"‘‘Payable to Elizabeth East, (sign ed) Betty Brown.’’ 4. Adams, who reads with difficulty, arranged to borrow $5,000 from Bell. Bell prepared a note, which Adams read laboriously. As Adams was about to sign it, Bell diverted Adams’s attention and substituted the following paper, which was identical to the note Adams had read except that the amounts were different: On June 1, 2011, I promise to pay Ben Bell or order Twelve Thousand Dollars with interest from date at 8 percent. This note is secured by certificate No. 13 for 100 shares of stock of Brookside Mills, Inc. Adams did not detect the substitution, signed as maker, handed the note and stock certificate to Bell, and received from Bell $5,000. Bell indorsed and sold the paper to Fore, a holder in due course, who paid him $10,000. Fore presented the note at maturity to Adams, who refused to pay. What are Fore’s rights, if any, against Adams? Fores has no right again Adams because the contract he signed was not the one they agreed upon and Bell took advantage of him because Bell knew Adams couldn’t see well and switched the contract to make him pay double of the loan with 8% interest. 9. Donna gives Peter a check for $2,500 in return for a laptop computer. The check is dated December 2. Peter transfers the check for value to Howard on December 14, and Howard deposits it in his bank on December 20. In the meantime, Donna has dis- covered that the computer is not what was promised and has stopped payment on the check. If Peter and Howard disappear, may the bank recover from Donna notwithstanding her defense of failure of consideration? What will be the bank’s cause of action? No the bank may not recover the money because the check has already been cashed in by Howard who has nothing to do with the transaction, if Donna had the check and dint cash it then th e bank would be able to stop the check and cancel it. 3. A negotiable promissory note executed and delivered by B to C passed in due course and was indorsed in blank by C, D, E, and F. G, the present holder, strikes out D’s indorsement. What is the liability of D on her indorsement? D would have no liability on the endorsement on the check given by A because his name was taken off the check, which made him not liable for the endorsement anymore. 6. Alpha orally appointed Omega as his agent to find and purchase for him a 1930 Dodge automobile in good condition, and Omega located such a car. Its owner, Roe, agreed to sell and deliver the car on January 10, 2011, for $9,000. To evidence the purchase price, Omega  mailed to Roe the following instrument: December 1, 2010 $9,000.00†¨We promise to pay to the order of bearer Nine Thousand Dollars with interest from date of this instrument on or before January 10, 2011. This note is given in consideration of John Roe’s transferring title to and possession of his 1930 Dodge a utomobile. (Signed) Omega, agent Smith stole the note from Roe’s mailbox, indorsed Roe’s name on the note, and promptly discounted it with Sunset Bank for $8,700. Not having received the note, Roe sold the car to a third party. On January 10, the bank, having discovered all the facts, demanded payment of the note from Alpha and Omega. Both refused payment. (a) What are Sunset Bank’s rights with regard to Alpha and Omega? (b) What are Sunset Bank’s rights with regard to Roe and Smith? Sunset bank would have no rights against omega; the bank could only reaccredit the money stolen from the stolen check and attempt to get the money back from Smith if they can find him. 10. R&A Concrete Contractors, Inc., executed a promissory note that identifies both R&A Concrete and Grover Roberts as its makers. On the reverse side of the note, the following appears: ‘‘X John Ament Sec. & Treas.’’ National Bank of Georgia, the payee, now sues both R&A Concrete and Ament on the note. What rights does National Bank have against R&A and Ament? National Bank has no right against R & A because they are not liable for the payments of the note; they also received full rights to the promissory note when they handed it over to National Bank. 9. Jason, who has extremely poor vision, went to an automated teller machine (ATM) to withdraw $200 on February 1. Joshua saw that Jason was having great difficulty reading the computer screen and offered to help. Joshua obtained Jason’s personal identification number and secretly exchanged one of his old credit cards for Jason’s ATM card. Between February 1 and February 15, Joshua withdrew $1,600 from Jason’s account. On February 15, Jason discovered that his ATM card was missing and immediately notified his bank. The bank closed Jason’s ATM account on February 16, by which time Joshua had withdrawn another $150. What is Jason’s liability, if any, for the unauthorized use of his account? †¨ Jason would have full liability on the unauthorized use of his account, and would be reaccredited from the bank on both the charges made by Joshua on February 15 of 1$1,600 and the second ATM  withdrawal made on February 16 of $150. 10. On July 21, Boehmer, a customer of Birmingham Trust, secured a loan from that bank for the principal sum of $5,500 to purchase a boat allegedly being built for him by A.C. Manufacturing Company, Inc. After Boehmer signed a promissory note, Birmingham Trust issued a cashier’s check to Boehmer and A.C. Manufacturing Company as payees. The check was given to Boehmer, who then forged A.C. Manufacturing Company’s indorsement and deposited the check in his own account at Central Bank. Central Bank credited Boehmer’s account and then placed the legend ‘‘P.I.G.,’’ meaning ‘‘Prior Indorsements Guaranteed,’’ on the check. The check was presented to and paid by Birmingham Trust on July 22. When the loan became delinquent in March of the following year, Birmingham Trust contacted A.C. Manufacturing Company to learn the location of the boat. They were informed that it had never been purchased, and they soon after learned tha t Boehmer had died on January 24 of that year. Can Birmingham Trust obtain reimbursement from Central Bank under Central’s warranty of prior indorsements? Explain. Birmingham trust wouldn’t be able to obtain reimbursement for the indorsement from A.C because the check was forged with their name, the bank could how ever reimburse them if it meets their requirements. 11. Lile, an insurance broker who handled all insurance for Tempo Co., purchased a fire policy from Insurance Company insuring Tempo Co.’s factory against fire in the amount of $1.5 million. Before the policy was delivered to Tempo and while it was still in Lile’s hands, Tempo advised Lile to cancel the policy. Prior to cancellation, however, Tempo suffered a loss. Tempo now makes a claim against Insurance Company on the policy. The premium had been billed to Lile but was unpaid at the time of loss. In an action by Tempo Co. against Insurance Company, what judgment? The Insurance Company would win because they are not responsible for the loss that Tempo suffered since they canceled the Insurance and did not were not paying for the liability insurance. 1. In January, Roger Burke loaned his favorite nephew, Jimmy White, his valuable Picasso painting. Knowing that Jimmy would celebrate his twenty-first birthday on May 15, Burke sent a letter to Jimmy on April 14 stating: à ¢â‚¬ ¨Dear Jimmy,†¨Tomorrow I leave on my annual trip to Europe, and †¨I want to make you a fitting birthday gift, which I do by  sending you my enclosed promissory note. Also I want you to keep the Picasso that I loaned you last January, and you may now consider it yours. Happy birthday! †¨Affectionately, /s/ Uncle Roger †¨The negotiable promissory note for $5,000 sent with the letter was signed by Roger Burke, payable to Jimmy White or bearer, and dated May 15. On May 21, Burke was killed in an automobile accident while motoring in France. †¨First Bank was appointed administrator of Burke’s estate. Jimmy presented the note to the administrator and demanded payment, which was refused. Jimmy brought an action against First Bank as administrator, seeking recovery on the note. The administrator in turn brought an action against Jimmy, seeking the return of the Picasso. †¨(a) What decision in the action on the note? †¨(b) What decision in the action to recover the painting? Jimmy would prevail in court because he was entitled both the painting and the money, when his uncle sent him the letter before he passed away stating that the Picasso & $5000 was a gift for his twenty-first birthday. 1. Kirkland conveyed a farm to Adland to have and to hold for and during his life and upon his death to Rubin. Some years thereafter, oil was discovered in the vicinity. Adland thereupon made an oil and gas lease, and the oil company set up its machinery to commence drilling operations. Rubin thereupon filed suit to enjoin the operations. Assuming an injunction to be the proper form of remedy, what decision? Rubin wouldn’t prevail in court because the oil and gas lease was made when Adland was the owner of the land and had the right to do what ever he pleased with the land until he passed away and had to pass it on to Rubin. 2. Smith owned Blackacre in fee simple absolute. In section 3 of a properly executed will, Smith devised Blackacre as follows: ‘‘I devise my farm Blackacre to my son Darwin so long as it is used as a farm.’’ Sections 5 and 6 of the will made gifts to persons other than Darwin. The last and residuary clause of Smith’s will provided: ‘‘All the residue of my real and personal property not disposed of heretofore in this will, I devise and bequeath to Stanford University.’’ Smith died in 2011, survived by her son Darwin. Smith’s estate has been administered. Darwin has been offered $100,000 for Black acre if he can convey title to it in fee simple. No, Darwin wouldn’t be able to receive the land Black acre from the will because his intention was to sell the land for $100,000 and  not use the land for farming. Which was a requirement under the will that Smith left and if he did not meet those requirements the land would be entitled to someone else stated in section 5 and 6. 7. In her will, Teresa granted a life estate to Amos in certain real estate, with remainder to Brenda and Clive in joint tenancy. All the residue of Teresa’s estate was left to Hillman College. While going to Teresa’s funeral, the car in which Amos, Brenda, and Clive were driving was wrecked. Brenda was killed instantly, Clive died a few minutes later, and Amos died on his way to the hospital. Who is entitled to the real estate in question? Amos, Brenda, and Clive, heirs would be entitled to their portions of the estate that they are receiving from the will in Teresa will, and the rest of Teresa’s will would be given to Hillmans College as stated in the will. 3. Robert and Stanley held legal title of record to adjacent tracts of land, each consisting of a number of five acres. Stanley fenced his five acres in 1986, placing his east fence fifteen feet onto Robert’s property. Thereafter, he was in possession of this fifteen-foot strip of land and kept it fenced and cultivated continuously until he sold his tract of land to Nathan on March 1, 1991. Nathan took possession under deed from Stanley, and continued possession and cultivation of the fifteen-foot strip that was on Robert’s land until May 27, 2011, when Robert, having on several occasions strenuously objected to Nathan’s possession, brought suit against Nathan for trespass. Explain whether Nathan has gained title by adverse possession. Nathan would not prevail in court because the land is owned by Robert and the contract that he had with Stanley was established for them in 1989 and not to Nathan who took over the land on March 1, 1991. 5. On January 1, 2011, Davis and Hershey owned Black acre as tenants in common. On July 1, 2011, Davis made a written contract to sell Black acre to Gregg for $25,000. Pursuant to this contract, Griggs paid Davis $25,000 on August 1, 2011, and Davis executed and delivered to Gregg a warranty deed to Black acre. On February 1, 2012, Hershey quitclaimed his interest in Black acre to Davis. Gregg brings an action against Davis for breach of warranty of title. What judgment? Davis would prevail because he sold him the entire land and not just his portion of Black acre even though he was not entitled to the land  in full. Since Hershey owned a portion of the land the contract needed Hershey’s signature for it to be valid. 8.The city of Boston sought to condemn land in fee simple for use in constructing an entrance to an underground terminal for a subway. The owners of the land contend that no more than surface and subsurface easements are necessary for the terminal entrance and seek to retain air rights above thirty-six feet. The city argues that any building utilizing this airspace would require structural supports that would interfere with the city’s plan for the terminal. The city concedes that the properties around the condemned property could be assembled and structures could be designed to span over the condemned property, in which case the air rights would be quite valuable. Can the city condemn the property? No the city can not condemn this property because they only have the right to the land below the surface if they want to build the entrance 36 feet in the air they would need to get the air rights from the owner. 3. Collins was trustee for Indolent under the will of Indolent’s father. Indolent, a middle-age doctor, gave little concern to the management of the trust fund, contenting himself with receiving the income paid him by the trustee. Among the assets of the trust were one thousand shares of ABC Corporation and one thousand shares of XYZ Corporation. About two years before the termination of the trust, Collins, at a fair price and after full explanation to Indo- lent, purchased from the trust the ABC stock. At the same time but without saying anything to Indolent, he purchased the XYZ stock at a price in excess of its then market value. At the termination of the trust, both stocks had advanced in market value well beyond the prices paid by Collins, and Indolent demanded that Collins either account for this advance in the value of both stocks or replace the stocks. What are Indolent’s rights? Indolent would only have rights to the XYZ stock because he purchased those stocks with out the any ones permission. In the case of the ABC stock he would not receive anything back because he sold the stock at a fair price to Collins. Upon George Welch’s death, he was survived by his second wife, Dorothy Welch, and his daughter by his first marriage, Patricia Fisher. At the time George and Dorothy were married, George was in  very poor health and he relied on Dorothy to care for him. During the eight months George and Dorothy were married, George became isolated from his family and his health deteriorated. Prior to his death, George transferred the bulk of his assets to Dorothy. Dorothy assisted in the transfer of George’s assets and often completed checks and other papers for George’s signature. George also made a new will that named Dorothy as his sole beneficiary. Patricia was the sole beneficiary of his prior will. Through the transfers of assets and the new will, Dorothy received $570,000. Does Patricia have any legal recourse? Explain. No Patricia does not have any legal rights because everything transferred to Dorothy’s name was done with the consent of George, and everything i n the will was left to Patricia according to Georges new will.

Economic Demography - Economic on Fertility Essay

Economic Demography - Economic on Fertility - Essay Example Since the survey tracked their aspirations over the period of 35 years, it was seen that the participation rate amongst young women in human capital increased to 0.75-0.80. The survey also observed that a higher number of young women continued their education and graduated that in early 60s. During 1970s-80s, there was a remarkable decrease in the gap between boys and girls academic participation in maths and science courses at schools and colleges. In fact by late 40s, there was negligible difference between male and female college attendance and graduation rates. The median age of marriage for women increased by 2.5 years in early 70s-80s indicating that women were giving more serious thought to their higher education and building a career. 2. According to the Human capital theory, education, coaching or training increases the efficiency of workers by imparting valuable knowledge and skills, therefore raising employees’ future income by increasing their lifetime earnings. It hypothesizes that spending on education is expensive, and should be taken as an investment since it is commenced with a view to raise personal incomes. In part a, we discussed the evidence of expanding horizon amongst women in the late 70s era leading to a rise in their educational awareness and participation. As more and more women evolved from managing their homes to doing job driven by monetary reasons to finally building a career, the role of on-the-job trainings would also increase. Vocational training would ensure that women are acquiring the skill sets to perform their duties to their utmost levels. This is of course linked with the rising number of female workforce since 1970s. With higher investments in education and vocational trainings, higher penetration in the job market, it is evident that the earnings for female labor force will increase over the period of time. 3. In the write-up â€Å"Intra- and inter-national imbalances and migration†, Michael Teitelbaum de scribes the similarities and differences between the historical East-West migration wave and the current South-North wave that have attracted a lot of scholarly attention. The author reflects that the movement of people between countries and different lands is compelled by the collaboration of two factors: the negative and tough actuality of life at home (usually due to political violence and instability, social insecurity, economic challenges, or a combination of these) and the perception that a better life exists somewhere else. International migration stimulated by a failure of social welfare or internal political unrest has become more common over the past decades and would resume to drive the migration movement of many individuals. The author suggest that as a result, international migrations such as east-west and north-south, the most expected economic response to population explosions and deteriorating living conditions in developing nations, is the major challenge to worldwi de stability well into the twenty-first century. The similarities between east-west and north-south mass migrations also dwell on the fact that the aspects of hiring â€Å"cheap labor† for labor-intensive industries and services drove both. 4. The fundamental principle underlying most microeconomic models of migration policymaking is that ‘a person migrates in the expectation of being better off by doing so’ (DaVanzo). This premise is similar to the evidence found

Psychology Journal Article Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Psychology Journal Article Summary - Essay Example While at first he believed that the relationship merely helped the client, in his later works he showed that it not only benefits the client in being able to share, but it also helps the therapist understand the patient, and more accurately assess their personality and needs. Currently, the view of therapeutic alliance is that as the relationship between the client and the therapist develops, the patient is able to transfer their feelings and thoughts and frustrations to the therapist, which allows the patient to let go of what they are carrying. This is a far more successful therapy than merely sharing feelings with a complete stranger. While alliance has been shown to be helpful during therapy, future work and study is still necessary to determine exactly how helpful the therapeutic alliance is, and when it is best used, and when it is best foregone. Future studies will allow therapists to review and study the affect of the therapeutic relationship on the patient-therapist interaction, and the overall success of therapy.

The Theory and Practice of Investment Management Essay

The Theory and Practice of Investment Management - Essay Example The computations are shown in the following table. Table no.1 Number of contracts necessary to be hedged Contract Amount $ 7,500,000.00 Hedge Ratio 0.5 Price 97 No of contracts 38660 Part 2 I. In order to close the position, the company should buy futures contracts for March 2013, at the price 97.6. II. The transaction on the futures market brought a loss equal to: no of contracts *(selling price-buying price). The computations are shown in the following table. Table no.2 Final position from the futures transaction Price (short position) 97 Price (long position) 97.6 No of contracts 38660 Loss $ - 23,195.88 Part 3 I. The relationship between the price of the future contract and the interest rates on the market is an inverse relationship. So, for this example, the price of the future contract has raised implying a decline in the interest rate. II. The company has fixed its borrowing cost only for 50% of the exposure. The effective borrowing cost is computed as: r= 100- 97= 3% So, the company will borrow money at 3%. III. The company did not hedge all the risks involved by the transaction above. Firstly, it only hedged 50% of its interest rate exposure. Secondly, risks related to changes in the principal borrowed, or the currency in which this one is expressed are not hedged. Question 2 There are various theories related to dividend policies. One of the most important theories in this matter is the irrelevance thesis of Modigliani and Miller (Fabozzi and Drake, 2009). Under certain assumptions, Modigliani-Miller argues that dividend policy is irrelevant (no taxes, no transaction costs, no issuance costs, no insider information, a fixed investment policy). In other words, the management’s decision to change dividend value does not determine a shift in firm value too because the shareholder wealth is determined by the income generated through the investment policy of the firm, and not the way the firm distributes the income (Miller and Modigliani, 1961). Ano ther theory is based on the â€Å"bird - in – the- hand† hypothesis. This assumes that the financial markets are characterized by uncertainty and imperfect information, and because of this, dividends should be considered differently than retained earnings. Moreover, all investors would want to receive dividends i.e. cash (â€Å"bird-in-the-hand†) rather than future capital gains from the evolution of the stock (â€Å"two in the bush†). So, a firm which offers a high dividend ratio would deliver good signals to the market, boosts the stock market, and finally increases the firm’s value (Walter, 1963). A theory which contradicts the â€Å"bird-in-the-hand† theory is based on the tax-effect hypothesis. This theory states that a lower dividend policy would lower the cost of capital of the firm and in this way increase the stock value and the shareholders wealth (Bajaj and Anand, 1990). The starting point for this conclusion is considering the hi gher taxation of dividends compared to capital gains. Furthermore, the dividends are taxed right after are paid, whereas capital gains are taxed until the moment of sell. This consideration of tax advantages of capital gains compared with receiving dividend determine investors to be attracted of companies with higher retained earnings than a higher dividend policy (Pettit, 1977). Considering the company Swan Dane Ltd., which is keeping constant a high dividend policy, can be supported by the â€Å"

How marriage enhance family ties in the society Essay

How marriage enhance family ties in the society - Essay Example However, this is not the context to my essay: instead I seek to show how a couple needs to work out together the family roles in a more civilized and informed manner. In the society we live in marriages are of diverse contexts and seek to examine how the same influences family ties (Markman, Scott & Susan 120). The research question is: â€Å"Does marriage as exercised between two people have a direct socio-economic impact on the familial ties in the society?† An analysis into this matter will entail a concrete and deeper understanding of the subject matter of marriage in relation to the practices that are associated with it. However, in most instances, a lot of people have questioned the indispensability of marriage itself. The essence of marriage Families as essential care institutions are varied across different cultures and they may change overtime. A good instance for the change in family occurs when a member is married or marries into the family. The implication here wou ld mean that the cultural ideologies and laws are created to enforce the adaptation brought about by marriage. It is largely expected that a marriage can lead to the growth of a society and makes it to be more complex and stratified. Consequently, a marriage in its nature improves on the quality of life and creates a sense of differentiation among the family members based on their socio-economic status. However, in most cases there is a significant difference in the marriages based on the diverse characteristics such as cultural background, education or religion of each of the partners. Therefore, the formation of a family as a social unit needs to incorporate all these aspects that are brought about due to marriage. The definition of a family unit as a social entity in itself recognizes the social essence of marriage in the society. Waite & Lehrer while talking about â€Å"the benefits from marriage and religion in the United States,† they recognize that in most cases, marri age and religion will both greatly influence life dimensions such as mental and physical health, economic wellbeings, longevity among others. Consequently, they note that marriage is associated with a higher overall hapiness rate. Everyone who claims to be in love should have the basic idea that such a plan for marriage may result in the enhancement of cross-sectional analyses of the group. When can marriage be considered a marriage? In this context, I am going to look into the argument that has been put forth by Brake in the article â€Å"Marriage and Domestic Partnership†. Considering the change in the understanding about marriage, a lot of questions have arisen which have appeared to redefine the context of marriages in the society. The stages that marriage passes and the test both couples undergo together is enough to show of the nature of marriage and whether it qualifies to be called an engagement. Today, the consideration for marriage takes into account other factors s uch as changes in laws and customs. This may broadly entail government regulations, culture and religious laws associated with marriage. Consequently, there are several civilizational and moral arguments that try to define the context in which marriage can be really considered a marriage. In the church context, the same would be easily answered as the period in time when the two people wed together. However, in other contemporary settings, marriage takes diverse forms and meanings. In some extreme cases, it is considered complete with the birth of a child. An overemphasis of this aspect categorizes marriage as a continuous process with no definite beginning or end. In my opinion, even though a lot of the revolutionary changes in the modern world

Griswold v. Connecticut Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Griswold v. Connecticut - Research Paper Example In 1873, the government enacted law United States of American that among other things, prohibited people, even those in legal marriages, from using any kind of contraceptive. The laws were called the Comstock Law and had been in place until 1965. The Comstock law also prohibited physicians from giving advice or suggesting to their patients the use of such contraceptives. It also had many other clauses that related to moral issues including the use of the national postal service to send erotic materials, sex toys, and any other item that may be immoral. It prevented the use of any drug for purposes of contraception and prohibited the sale of such a drug or item. This law, was never enforced and by the early 1950s, Connecticut and Massachusetts were the only states in the USA that were still having the provisions of this law in their books of law. The Comstock law was to later be challenged by many people and the public outcry was big especially in the beginning of the 20th century. Up until the court repealed the Comstock law, doctors avoided the topic such as the publications of any research in such matters.

Europeanization of Islam in European Countries Research Paper

Europeanization of Islam in European Countries - Research Paper Example These migrations that took place over centuries occurred mainly due to a quest for a better life and better living conditions. However, some of these migrations were under forced conditions, owing to various tribal, sectarian, or familial conflicts; and sometimes also due to political unrest in the country of origin. The first prominent Muslim immigrants were those that settled in Spain, during eight century AD. Along with such migrations, there was also the transfer of science, arts, literature, and various important literary transcripts also found their way from the Arabian Peninsula to the Iberian Peninsula and soon spread to other parts of Europe. Thus, there was a transfer of knowledge and culture, and soon the host and the immigrant communities started influencing each other. Today after more 1500 years of migration and settlement, Islam has become an integral part of the demographical, traditional and cultural landscape of Europe. They are no longer guests who will go back hom e, but have become Europeans following the Islamic faith; and with Islam becoming the second largest religious community in Europe within the last 50 years, this religion can longer be overlooked or sidelined. The first generation of the Muslim immigrants remained more close to their home upbringing and thus their Islam was more relevant to their home culture. However, the later generations after years of being born and bred in the European continent, now have two distinct lineages to maintain, one is the old traditions and culture of their grandparents and the other is the local culture of Europe. In the recent years it has been seen that in spite of protests from the conservative Muslim circles, there has been a move to create an Islamic religion which is more adapted to the European way of life. This has been done with the express aim to amalgamate Islam and Europe more closely so that the former can show its strength to adapt and flourish in its adopted country like it has done previously in Africa or Asia.  Ã‚  

Concept Map on Indigenous Peoples Essay Example for Free

Concept Map on Indigenous Peoples Essay Our group came up with concept map that illustrated our ideas when the perception of the indigenous peoples came into our minds. When we hear the said concept, the immediate idea that comes into our minds is the ceremonies that IPs do. We know that their ceremonies or rituals are part of their religion. They believe in spirits, in the notion of the after-life having spiritual leaders guiding them through the visions that the sacred aura gives them. Most of the IPs are very animistic and are called pagans by the Westerners due to the lack of formality in religion, meaning no temples are built for a proper religious ceremony. They practice both primary and secondary burial in the belief that their souls would have to journey to another dimension called the â€Å"after-life. The next thing that comes into mind is their customs and traditions. Every indigenous group has a distinct set of customs or habits. They preserve their songs, dances, literature, prayers and many others through oral tradition. In the Philippines, only the Muslims have the written tradition called tarsila. Art is a very evident characteristic that indigenous groups exhibit. The tattooing tradition which is very evident in many Austronesian societies is a status symbol. Elders and Datus who are considered the tribal leaders are seen with more tattoos than those who have low social status. The term tanda in the Philippines means wisdom which is an indicator of respect for the elders. Every indigenous group has its own language. Language is the factor, which makes an individual belong to an ethnic or ethno-linguistic group. Language is the collection of the vocabulary available in a culture. Language is termed as a dialect when there is a regional distinction of a language from the mother language. It may become evident in accent, grammar system and semantics. We have cited some examples such as the Ilocanos, Ifugaos and some foreign to us, the Aztecs. Last main branch on the concept map is the concept of heritage. All indigenous groups are struggling to preserve their heritage and culture which is why tribal laws prevail over any other constitutional or civil law in the country. They are very resistive to alien influence which makes them prone to social and racial discrimination promoted and propagated by some stupid multimedia. Their heritage is very reflective of their economic direction. They rely on a self-sufficient subsistence economy. They have no imperialist ideologies. They only tend to survive their tribe and cultivate their own environment. Agriculture and fishing are the main sources of living especially in tropical countries. They are the stewards of many ecosystems in the land, rivers and seas. Many IPs in the country have built nipa huts as their shelter. They have built houses such as the bahay kubo because most of the time, when a relative dies, they burn their houses due to their belief that spirits cause illnesses and should leave the homes of the inflicted. For the Ivatans of the Batanes Group of Islands, Spanish influence is already observed in their stone houses which are their defense to the perennial tropical storms that tend to devastate their crops and homes.

The World’s Most Misunderstood Breed of Dogs Essay Example for Free

The World’s Most Misunderstood Breed of Dogs Essay When many people see a pit bull or the breed is mentioned they instantly stereotype them as being aggressive and monstrous beasts, this however is not the case as all! Pit bulls have been breed over the years as fighting dogs. The owners have raised them to be extremely violent and attack other dogs by treating them harshly and training them to do so at a young age. However, over the years people have wrongfully stereotyped pit bulls because their owners have trained them to be violent. The only dogs that do are the ones that have been trained to do so by humans. The humans are the ones who have created this so called â€Å"monstrous beast†. Pit bulls are the world’s most misunderstood breed of dogs that have been wrongfully stereotyped against for many years. It is a myth that pit bulls are genetically driven to kill people. â€Å"Dogs are not machines; they are living organisms. Like all living organisms, a dog’s behavior is influenced by both genetics and environment. How a dog owner manages his or her dog will determine whether the dog becomes a danger to humans. No dog is driven entirely by genetics to attack people, and no dog breed has been created or bred into such a state that all dogs of the breed are compelled to attack people. Dogs that are raised as beloved family pets do not kill people.† This statement above fully describes how not all pit bulls are aggressive and how if raised properly they are amazing dogs. This shows that pit bulls can be aggressive but that is only because they have been brought up in an environment that encouraged aggressive behavior and were rewarded for it by their owners. Also, according to American Temperament Test Society the American Pit bull Terrier has a very high passing rate of 82.6%. This statistic shows that Pit bulls are good tempered dogs and are not all aggressive. The American Temperament Test Society also shows that the average passing rate is 77%. This means that Pit bulls are above average when it comes to temperament compared to many other breeds of dogs. This same source adds that Pi t bulls are less likely to attack than a Rottweiler, German shepherd, or a Chow. This evidence shows that a Pit bull is no more aggressive than any other dog. Pit bulls have been given a bad reputation that they cannot seem to shake. This reputation has caused this type of dog to be banned in parts of the United States and across the country. It is sad knowing that there are  other breeds of dogs that are just as likely to be aggressive and yet Pit bulls have been stereotyped as the most aggressive breed of dogs. Many people have stereotyped the breed before they have ever encountered a Pit bull, I am actually guilty of this. Before I had ever come in contact with a pit bull I thought they were naturally aggressive dogs and boy was I wrong. My sister’s boyfriend, Antonio, got a Pit bull and we all decided to name her Coda Bear. She is the sweetest dog ever and is in no way aggressive. I have two Golden Retrievers and when Antonio brings Coda Bear over to play she is very submissive to one of my dogs, Bailey. I would say that Bailey is probably more aggre ssive than Coda Bear. Recently Coda Bear got out of her fenced yard and dog into a dog fight. And right now I am sure that most of you are thinking that Coda Bear started it, but this is not the case. Coda was attacked by another dog and didn’t even know how to defend herself. She ended up in the hospital and had bite marks all over her. The hospital automatically assumed that Coda had started the fight and told Antonio that his dog might have to be put down if they found that she was aggressive. After interacting with Coda at the hospital and doing an aggressive test on her the hospital found that Coda was in no way aggressive. When attacked by the other dog she did not attack back, she simply took the abuse until the attack was broken up by Antonio. Coda Bear recovered quickly and is her perky happy self again that we all know and love. Whenever Coda sees someone she doesn’t want to attack them; she just wants to run up to them and lick their face till it is sopping wet from all her kisses! My experience with a Pit bull has proved to me that Pit bulls are loving dogs that have been wrongfully judged and stereotyped. Pit bulls were not born wanting to hurt or even kill any animal or person; they were trained to do it. The owner created that aggressive dog, the dog did not choose to be this way. Many people simply forget this and automatically assume that the breed itself is aggressive, when it is really the owners who train them to be this way. Also many Pit bulls are being euthanized when taken to a shelter because they believe that they are aggressive dogs and that no one will want to adopt them. Pit bulls were originally known as â€Å"nanny dogs† because they were so great with kids and were very tolerant and loving. Since people began fighting Pit bulls they have lost this reputation. Hopefully they will get this reputation back because they truly deserve it; they are wonderful dogs.