Effects of broken family to students free essay sample

Global warming has affected lives all around the world. Experts and their studies reveal the fact that the effects of global warming will continue to get worse than it was expected before. The IPCC or the Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change has produced recent reports on the causes and effects of the global warming in different regions of the world. While every region have already suffered the mounting risk of the phenomenon, the effects of global warming on polar region is vast and hazardous. The continuous depletion of the ozone layer and pollution in the polar region has caused major repercussions in recent years. Some of the hazardous effects of global warming that we are bound to encounter in the recent future are as follows: In the polar region, the major effects of global warming will be the biophysical factors and the related occurrences like thinning of the ice and the reductions of the extent of glaciers. Although global warming has already been felt in the recent years, things will be grim in future. There can be a vast change in the natural ecosystem that will again have detrimental effects on the animals, organisms, birds and other living beings in the region. Some of the other impacts of the global warming include shrinking level of the permafrost, increase in coastal erosion and most importantly increase of the seasonal thawing of the permafrost. Both in Arctic and Antarctic region animals are becoming more endangered due to their shrinking natural habitat, melting ice and pollution. The typical ecosystems of these regions are getting altered due to the effects of global warming and thus animals are constantly facing a vulnerable climatic change. People living in the Arctic Circle are also facing constant threat of the global warming. The altered snow and ice conditions of this region have already affected the traditional lifestyles of the inhabitants. Recent studies on global warming have proved that the Arctic Circle is warming faster than any other region of the world. The Circle is warming twice as fast as the rest of the world and the temperature has increased up to 3 degrees Celsius. We can now witness the shrinking of polar bear habitat and constant melting of ice. Seals and walruses are also becoming almost endangered and extinct due to the effects of global warming. While we are all aware of this clear and present danger of global warming, we can always contribute in making this world a better place. Some of the major beneficial impacts that can have a positive effect on the global warming is increased navigable sea routes in the northern hemisphere and reduced heating costs. The inhabitants of the North Pole are already acquiring newer ways of life according to the climatic change. But the internal as well as the external stressors are constantly challenging their indigenous and traditional lifestyle. This requires constant support and substantial funding from the rest of the world. This will help them to relocate and adapt to new ways of life. Solutions to Global Warming for the Polar Regions Progress at the international level toward a binding agreement to reduce global warming emissions is critical to ensuring the future stability of the polar regions. The Arctic (North Pole) has shown the most rapid rate of warming, with dramatic effects such as shrinking of this regions glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, and permafrost. The loss of permafrost is of particular concern—when permafrost melts, it releases carbon stored in the soils, and when boreal forests and peat bogs burn, they release carbon stored in the trees and peat. Unfortunately, all of these impacts are due to the combined effect of global warming emissions from other regions. In the Antarctic (South Pole), rapid change is evident on the Antarctic Peninsula—southeast of Argentina and Chile. Changes at the poles have both local and global implications. The retreat of glaciers and shrinking of the Greenland ice sheet in the Arctic, for example, is predicted to cause significant sea-level rise, changes in the salinity of our oceans, and altered feedback loops that will make the Arctic warm up even faster. Organizations like the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the International Arctic Science Committee play a critical role in advancing the science related to polar areas. The effects ofclimate change are not the same in all parts of the world. While Earth’s average temperature has risen 0. 6 °C (1.0 °F) during the 20th century, some areas of our planet are warming faster than others. The Arctic is warming twice as fast as other parts of the world. In Alaska (USA) average temperatures have increased 3. 0 °C (5. 4 °F) between 1970 and 2000. The warmer temperatures have caused other changes in the Arctic region such as melting ice and shrinking polar bear habitat. In the opposite hemisphere, the Antarctic Peninsula has also warmed rapidly, five times faster than the global average. Meanwhile, temperatures of the interior of the Antarctic continent have remained stable or have cooled, which may be related to ozone depletion. Since 1945, the Antarctic Peninsula has warmed about 4. 5 °F (2. 5 °C). The Southern Ocean is also warming faster than expected. Why are the polar regions particularly vulnerable to global warming? The ice and snow in the polar regions, because of its light color and high albedo, reflect most incoming solar energy back out to space. However, as more greenhouse gases cause our planet to warm, some of this ice and snow melts, less of the solar radiation is reflected out to space, and more of it isabsorbed by the Earth’s surface and oceans. The added energy warms the polar regions, causes more ice to melt and more warming. As the atmosphere of polar regions becomes warmer, this impacts the land, cryosphere, ocean circulation, and living things in these regions. Click the links below to discover more about the effects of global warming in the Arctic and Antarctic. â€Å"Broken† Homes: The Effect of Divorce on Children Going through a divorce is a very difficult situation to be in. Usually it is what is happening between the parents, that concerns most people. However hurtful divorce is on the couple that is going through it, the children end up with the greatest amount of problems. These problems that the children develop are not always obvious, and do no always come to the surface right away. â€Å"Most often the children responded to the announcement [of the divorce] with apprehensiveness or anger Several children panicked . . . finally, a great many of the younger children, about one-third of the entire group, didn’t really believe what they had been told. For these youngsters, the single announcement by the parents made it easier for them to pretend that the divorce would soon go away and to postpone their own response to the frightening changes in their lives† (Wallerstein 40-41). Children often try to stop the divorce of their parents, but there are many who seem to accept it at first. These who seem to accept it may even tell their parents that they are happy about the divorce. This is not necessarily the case, as one would see if he or she spoke with the child for a while. There are many things that divorce does to a family, and there are many things that is does to the child. These effects are rarely positive, or helpful depending upon the family’s prior situation. Divorce has many negative effects on the psychological, and social aspects of a child’s life. There are many psychological aspects of a child’s life that change when his or her parents go through a divorce. As previously mentioned by the writer, a child may not show initially how he or she feels about the divorce, but the true feelings of that child eventually surface. Joan B. Kelly, in an article for the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry says, â€Å"children incorporate repertoires of angry, impulsive, and violent behavior into their own behavior as a result of observing their parents’ responses to frustration and rage† (4). This is something that many children that witness the divorce of their parents go through. The child naturally looks to his or her parent or parents for the example of how to handle certain situations and emotions. During a divorce there is much anger and aggression that is expressed by one or both parents of that child. This is not healthy for the child to witness for several reasons. One of the main reasons is that the child sees this example of aggression that his or her parents are setting, and he or she begins to react in the same manner. Anger and aggression tend to become the child’s tools for solving his or her problems. The child becomes like the parents and could cause harm to others because of not knowing or understanding how to control these feelings. He or she may often violently lash out at those around him or her that cause these feelings to occur. â€Å"The severity of fighting has been documented in many studies to have a central role. High-intensity fighting is associated with more insecure attachments and anxiety in infants and toddlers. In older children and adolescents, severity of conflict had the largest and most consistent impact on children’s adjustment, with intense conflict leading to more externalizing (disobedience, aggression, delingquency0 and internalizing (depression, anxiety, poor self-esteem) symptoms in both boys and girls, compared with children experiencing low-intensity conflict† (3). This leads to the next psychological effect that divorce has on children. Depression is a major effect that divorce has on children. This is not necessarily something that occurs during the divorce, but has major effects on the later life of the child. â€Å"A high level of marital conflict experienced during childhood has been linked to more depression and other psychological disorders in young adults, compared with those reporting lower levels of family conflict during childhood† (Kelly 3). Lora Heims Tessman, author of Children of Parting Parents says, â€Å"most of the adolescents were overly depressed . . . many had conscious suicidal thoughts . . . a minority showed increased acting out with self-destructive components, but without anxious depression† (327). These are common psychological effects of divorce on children. There are also many social effects that divorce has on children. The child often feels unconnected to his or her peers. He or she feels â€Å"unable to make or maintain friendships and complained about being ‘unconnected’ to [his or her] peers† (Tessman 327). Also contributing to feeling unconnected to their peers is that â€Å"in numerous studies over the past three decades, divorced children have been reported to be more aggressive and impulsive and to engage in more antisocial behaviors, compared with matched samples of never-divorced children† (Kelly 6). The divorce that these children experience causes them to act and react in ways that are not considered socially acceptable, and distancing themselves from their peers. â€Å"Diagnostically, the adolescents varied greatly, but did share a number of clinical features. The great majority had either lost a previous enjoyment or learning or were, increasingly, cutting and failing classes† (Tessman 327). The children of these divorced families have become so mixed up that they do not know who they are any longer. Things that they once loved or enjoyed, things that they were once interested in no longer matter to them. Going along with socially unacceptable behaviors Kelly says that, â€Å"Divorced children are more likely to use alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana than are never-divorced children . They are twice as likely to give birth to a child as a teenager compared with never-divorced children† (7). The children that have suffered through the divorce of their parents tend to rebel against society and the law. This is shown through the higher drug, alcohol, and pregnancy rates of children who come from â€Å"broken† homes. â€Å"In many cases in this group, one of the parent’s presenting complaints about the referred adolescent who was ‘lying,’ ‘playing the truth,’ ‘untrustworthiness,’ ‘deviousness’ etc† (Tessman 327). The reliability of the child’s word comes into question due to the child’s rebellious ways. He or she might sneak thing behind his or her parents’ backs in order to commit the acts that they are choosing to commit. â€Å"Young adults whose parents divorced during childhood, compared with never-divorced children, have more pregnancies outside of marriage, and earlier marriages (a risk factor for later divorce), poorer marital relationships, increased propensity to divorce, and poorer socioeconomic attainment† (8). The divorce itself has impacted the way that young adults view their relationships. They remember how their parents handled situations or they remember the pain of that situation and it carries over into their relationships that they will have throughout their lives. To conclude, divorce has many negative effects on the children that live through them. â€Å"Broken† homes are a tough situation to deal with, that children across the United States of America attempt to handle in very similar ways. Their reactions to the divorce itself are similar in many ways; it affects both the psychological and social aspects of their lives. involved Emotional After a divorce, children from pre-school through late adolescence can experience deficits in emotional development. Children of all ages may seem tearful or depressed, which is a state that can last several years after a child’s parents’ have separated, explains psychologist Lori Rappaport. Additionally, some older children may show very little emotional reaction to their parents’ divorce. Rappaport explains that this may not be developmentally beneficial. Some children who show little emotional response are actually bottling up their negative feelings. This emotional suppression makes it difficult for parents, teachers and therapists to help the child process her feelings in developmentally appropriate ways. Educational Slowed academic development is another common way that divorce affects children. The emotional stress of a divorce alone can be enough to stunt your child’s academic progress, but the lifestyle changes and instability of a broken family can contribute to poor educational outcomes. This poor academic progress can stem from a number of factors, including instability in the home environment, inadequate financial resources and inconsistent routines. Social Divorce affects children’s social relationships for several ways. First, some children act out their distress about their broken family by acting aggressive and by engaging in bullying behavior, both of which can negatively affect peer relationships. Other children may experience anxiety, which can make it difficult for them to seek positive social interactions and engage in developmentally beneficial activities such as teen sports. Teens from broken families might develop a cynical attitude toward relationships and harbor feelings of mistrust, both toward their parents and potential romantic partners, explains psychologist Carl Pickhardt in the article, Parental Divorce and adolescents published in Psychology Today. Family Dynamics By its very nature, divorce, changes not only the structure of the family but also its dynamics. Even if you and your spouse have an amicable divorce, simply creating two new households permanently alters family interactions and roles. Based on the new living arrangements, your children may need to perform more chores and assume additional roles in the new households basic functioning. Additionally, in some broken families, older children may take on a parental-type role when interacting with younger siblings because of their parents’ work schedules or inability to be present in the way that the parents were before the divorce Time After Time